Most Common Disease of Elder: The Clinical trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: Diseases associated with Osteoarthritis

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia



                       Osteoarthritis


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).
The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

 Diseases associated with osteoarthritis

Researchers suggested that OA is not simply a disease related to aging or mechanical stress of joints but rather a “metabolic disorder(70)(71)” interrelated to lipid, metabolic, and humoral mediators(70). Indeed, OA has been linked not only to obesity(46)(47) but also to other cardiovascular risk factors(72)(73), namely, diabetes(74), dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance(75).
Most people with osteoarthritis also suffer from one or more of below
1. Hypertension
According to the University Health Network Research Institute, the economic burden incurred by RA significantly exceeds that related to OA and HBP(76)(77).

2. Cardiovascular disease
According to Erasmus University Medical Centre, there is an associations of atherosclerosis with osteoarthritis of the knee and hand joints in women(72)(73)(78).

3. Peripheral vascular disease

According to Himchan Hospital, patient with due to osteoarthritis are associated to risk of asymptomatic peripheral vascular disease(80). The average vessel wall thickness of the popliteal artery was 1.09 mm in patients with generalized OA, and 0.96 mm in the matched normal reference population(79).

4. Congestive heart failure
Hypertension, diabetes, and older age have shown to increased risk of Congestive heart failure modestly(81). Etoricoxib, an annti-inflammatory painkillers showed a statistically significant inhibition at 90 mg in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis(82).

5. Renal function impairment 

According to the Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, pain pharmacotherapies osuch as osteoarthritis (OA) or mixed OA and rheumatoid arthritis may increase the risk of adverse events in patients with concurrent cardiovascular (CV) or renal disease(83). Median excretion of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in the OA patients as a whole was raised above values found in a healthy control population(84).

6. Diabetes
Several epidemiological and experimental data support the hypothesis that diabetes could be an independent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA)(76)(85).

7. Respiratory disease
People with Respiratory disease is also at a higher risk to develop osteoarthritis (OA), such as chronic cough and bilateral infiltrates on chest roentgenogram(86).

8. High serum of Cholesterol

There is an association between high serum cholesterol level and both knee and generalized OA, according to the study of 113 females and 133 males with average ages 46 14.2 and 51.54 16.0 years by King Khalid University Hospital(87).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review by Pereira D1, Peleteiro B, Araújo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E.(PubMed)
(4) Effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise on symptoms and function associated with lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis by Waller B1, Ogonowska-Slodownik A2, Vitor M3, Lambeck J4, Daly D5, Kujala UM6, Heinonen A7.(PubMed)
(5) Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on pain, physical functions and safety outcomes in patients with kneeosteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang C1, Xie Y2, Luo X3, Ji Q3, Lu C3, He C4, Wang P3.(PubMed)
(6) Oral intake of purple passion fruit peel extract reduces pain and stiffness and improves physical function in adult patients with knee osteoarthritis by Farid R1, Rezaieyazdi Z, Mirfeizi Z, Hatef MR, Mirheidari M, Mansouri H, Esmaelli H, Bentley G, Lu Y, Foo Y, Watson RR.(PubMed)
(7) Functional ability, mobility, and pain before and after knee replacement in patients aged 75 and older: a cross-sectional study by Limnell K1, Jämsen E, Huhtala H, Jäntti P, Puolakka T, Jylhä M.(PubMed)
(8) The symptoms of OA and the genesis of pain by David J. Hunter, MBBS PhD,1,2 Jason J. McDougall, BSc PhD,3 and Francis J. Keefe4(PubMed)

(70) Osteoarthritis: another component of metabolic syndrome? by Velasquez MT1, Katz JD.(PubMed)

(71) [Metabolic syndrome and a course of osteoarthrosis].[Article in Russian] by Korochina IE, Bagirova GG.(PubMed)

(72) Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with osteoarthritis: a prospective longitudinal study. by Rahman MM1, Kopec JA, Anis AH, Cibere J, Goldsmith CH.(PubMed)
(73) Cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis: common pathways and patient outcomes. by Fernandes GS1, Valdes AM.(PubMed)
(74) Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Osteoarthritis Patients in a Prospective Longitudinal Study by Rahman MM1, Cibere J2, Anis AH3, Goldsmith CH4, Kopec JA5.(PubMed)
(75) Osteoarthritis—the impact of a serious disease by F. C. Breedveld
(76) Bone loss at subchondral plate in knee osteoarthritis patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. by Wen CY1, Chen Y, Tang HL, Yan CH, Lu WW, Chiu KY.(PubMed)
(77) The economic burden associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypertension: a comparative study. by Maetzel A1, Li LC, Pencharz J, Tomlinson G, Bombardier C; Community Hypertension and Arthritis Project Study Team.(PubMed)
(78) Association of atherosclerosis with presence and progression of osteoarthritis: the Rotterdam Study by Hoeven TA1, Kavousi M, Clockaerts S, Kerkhof HJ, van Meurs JB, Franco O, Hofman A, Bindels P, Witteman J, Bierma-Zeinstra S.(PubMed)
(79) Positive association between increased popliteal artery vessel wall thickness and generalized osteoarthritis: is OA also part of the metabolic syndrome? by Kornaat PR1, Sharma R, van der Geest RJ, Lamb HJ, Kloppenburg M, Hellio le Graverand MP, Bloem JL, Watt I.(PubMed)
(80) Asymptomatic peripheral vascular disease in total knee arthroplasty: preoperative prevalence and risk factors. by Park IH1, Lee SC, Park IS, Nam CH, Ahn HS, Park HY, Gondalia VH, Jung KA.(PubMed)
(81) Baseline factors associated with congestive heart failure in patients receiving etoricoxib or diclofenac: multivariate analysis of the MEDAL program by Krum H1, Curtis SP, Kaur A, Wang H, Smugar SS, Weir MR, Laine L, Brater DC, Cannon CP.(PubMed)
(82) Baseline factors associated with congestive heart failure in patients receiving etoricoxib or diclofenac: multivariate analysis of the MEDAL program by Krum H1, Curtis SP, Kaur A, Wang H, Smugar SS, Weir MR, Laine L, Brater DC, Cannon CP.(PubMed)
(83) Pain pharmacotherapy in patients with inflammatory arthritis and concurrent cardiovascular or renal disease: a Cochrane systematic review. by Marks JL1, van der Heijde DM, Colebatch AN, Buchbinder R, Edwards CJ.(PubMed)
(84) Urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks of collagen correlated with joint damage in arthritis by Astbury C1, Bird HA, McLaren AM, Robins SP.(PubMed)
(85) Diabetes-induced osteoarthritis: from a new paradigm to a new phenotype by Berenbaum F1.(PubMed)
(86) [Pulmonary infiltrates with blood eosinophilia in a 62-year-old patient].[Article in German] by Kohlhäufl M1, Weber N, Morresi-Hauf A, Geiger D, Raith H, Häussinger K.(PubMed)
(87) Radiographic osteoarthritis and serum cholesterol by Al-Arfaj AS1.(PubMed)

Most Common Disease of elder: The Clinical trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Causes and Risk Factors

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia



                       Osteoarthritis


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).
The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                             The Causes and Risk Factors
A. Causes
1. Process of wear and repair
Osteoarthritis (OA), a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints(34) and is often associated with senescence in vertebrates. arising from long term wear and tear, heavy long-term use or specific injuries(35). Improper repair process of injure of joints can also result of symptoms of Osteoarthritis (OA)(36) in old age(37), according to TCM.

2. Nutrient deficiency and overload
Poor nutritional conditions experienced early in life are linked to greater prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA)(35)(38), such as vitamin D. On the other hand, nutrient overload and metabolic surplus, such as obesity may contribute to early onset of osteoarthritis (OA)(38).

3. Cartilage
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue cushioned the ends of bones in your joints and allowed the joints to move smoothly. Rough or wears down cartilage due to aging or damage can causes pain due to bone in the joint rubbing against another bone(39)(40).
The above causes of Osteoarthritis (OA) may also be the result of injure(35), overuse(15)(16), Rheumatoid Arthritis(41), etc.

4. Etc.

B. Risk factors
Aging changes in the musculoskeletal system contribute to the development of OA by making the joint more susceptible to the effects of other OA risk factors(39)(40)
1. Abnormal biomechanicsThe biomechanics of the foot and ankle is important to the normal function of the lower extremity(42). Abnormal biomechanics can cause abnormal stress and eventual breakdown of connective tissue and muscle(42) of that can lead to early onset of Osteoarthritis (OA)(43).

2. Joint injury and obesity
According to the University of Calgary, joint injury and obesity were associated with an increased risk of OA of the knee and hip(44). Dr. Rogers LQ and the research team at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine indicated that the high and low joint stress from physical activity (PA)
ate associated to reduce risk of the disease(45). In obesity, according to Duke University Medical Center, it is one of the most significant, and potentially most preventable, risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis due to a strong association between body mass index and osteoarthritis of the hip, knee, foot and hand(46)(47).

3. Age-related sarcopenia(48)(49) and increased bone turnover(49) have found to be associated to the development of OA(49). Other suggested that Osteoarthritis development in the injured joints is caused by pathways of joint-related mechanisms and deconditioning of the musculoskeletal system(50). As well as intra-articular pathogenic processes initiated at the time of injury(51).

4. Normal Aging
Normal aging in humans is associated with declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength and increased muscle fatigability (sarcopenia)(52).

5. Muscle strength
Reduced muscle strength due to ageing, injure or other conditions is regarded as a risk factor for pain and disability in osteoarthritis (OA)(53)(54).


6. Gender
Women are susceptible to the greater risk for the development of osteoarthritis (OA), but research in sex and gender differences in osteoarthritis to date, may not be appreciated by the orthopedic community, according to Mayo Clinic(56)(57)

7. Genetic

Asian are at higher risk to develop osteoarthritis, according to research of Praxisklinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie(57)(58), due to genetic polymorphisms associated with osteoarthritis and related end-points(58).

8. Deformation of bone
People who were born with defective joints or cartilage are at increased risk of developing osteoarthritis(59)(60).

9. Physical activity
People who involve in activity such as sport are at higher risk to develop osteoarthritis, if injure(61).

10. Occupations
Certain occupations are associated to the increased risk of osteoarthritis, especially to workers involving repetitive movements that stress on a particular joint(61)(62).

11. Deficiency in DNA repair
Progeroid human DNA repair syndrome trichothiodystrophy may be associated to the to the development of osteoarthritis(63).

12. Other diseases and conditions may have a higher risk of developing the condition.
a. Gout
Gout is a type of arthritis as a result of uric acid builds up in blood causes of joint inflammation(64). According to a total of 4249 completed questionnaires returned (32%) from 359 attendees, 164 cases of gout were clinically confirmed, there is highly significant association existed between the site of acute attacks of gout and the presence of OA(65).

b. Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease, causing the attack of flexible (synovial) joints, inflammation of the surrounding tissues and many tissues and organs. Patients with heumatoid arthritis (RA) are associated to increase risk of OA due to progression of aging(66).

c. Paget’s disease of the bone
Paget’s disease of bone is a condition a chronic disorder of excessive and abnormal bone remodeling result in excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue causing pain, misshapen bones, fractures, and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones(67) with prevalence trends of doubling each decade from the age of 50 onwards, causing bone pain, depending on skeletal sites involved and range from secondary osteoarthritis to malignant degeneration(68).

d. Septic arthritis
Septic arthritis is a condition of inflammation of a joint as a result of bacterial or fungal infection causes of osteoarthritis(69).

9. Etc.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer recommended by Kyle J. Norton

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review by Pereira D1, Peleteiro B, Araújo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E.(PubMed)
(4) Effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise on symptoms and function associated with lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis by Waller B1, Ogonowska-Slodownik A2, Vitor M3, Lambeck J4, Daly D5, Kujala UM6, Heinonen A7.(PubMed)
(5) Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on pain, physical functions and safety outcomes in patients with kneeosteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang C1, Xie Y2, Luo X3, Ji Q3, Lu C3, He C4, Wang P3.(PubMed)
(6) Oral intake of purple passion fruit peel extract reduces pain and stiffness and improves physical function in adult patients with knee osteoarthritis by Farid R1, Rezaieyazdi Z, Mirfeizi Z, Hatef MR, Mirheidari M, Mansouri H, Esmaelli H, Bentley G, Lu Y, Foo Y, Watson RR.(PubMed)
(7) Functional ability, mobility, and pain before and after knee replacement in patients aged 75 and older: a cross-sectional study by Limnell K1, Jämsen E, Huhtala H, Jäntti P, Puolakka T, Jylhä M.(PubMed)

(34) Targets, models and challenges in osteoarthritis research by Thysen S1, Luyten FP2, Lories RJ3.(PubMed)
(35) Ecology of arthritis. by Peterson RO1, Vucetich JA, Fenton G, Drummer TD, Larsen CS.(PubMed)
(36) Handout on Health: Osteoarthritis(NIH)
(37) Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis. by Loeser RF1.(PubMed)
(38) Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis by Wang X1, Hunter D2, Xu J3, Ding C4.(PubMed)
(39) [Osteoarthritis. Etiology, typing, staging and histological grading].[Article in German] by Söder S1, Aigner T.(PubMed)
(40) [Typing, grading and staging of osteoarthritis: histopathological assessment of joint degeneration].[Article in German] by Aigner T1, Söder S.(PubMed)
(41) Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG by Parekh RB, Dwek RA, Sutton BJ, Fernandes DL, Leung A, Stanworth D, Rademacher TW, Mizuochi T, Taniguchi T, Matsuta K, et al.(PubMed)
(42) Abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle by Donatelli RA.(PubMed)
(43) Lateral compartment osteoarthritis of the knee: Biomechanics and surgical management of end-stage disease by Scott CE1, Nutton RW, Biant LC.(PubMed)
(44) Are joint injury, sport activity, physical activity, obesity, or occupational activities predictors for osteoarthritis? A systematic review by Richmond SA1, Fukuchi RK, Ezzat A, Schneider K, Schneider G, Emery CA.(PubMed)
(45) The association between joint stress from physical activity and self-reported osteoarthritis: an analysis of the Cooper Clinic data by Rogers LQ1, Macera CA, Hootman JM, Ainsworth BE, Blairi SN.(PubMed)
(46) Why is obesity associated with osteoarthritis? Insights from mouse models of obesity by Griffin TM1, Guilak F.(PubMed)
(47) Diet-induced obesity differentially regulates behavioral, biomechanical, and molecular risk factors forosteoarthritis in mice by Griffin TM1, Fermor B, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Cao L, Setton LA, Guilak F.(PubMed)
(48) Sarcopenia: a histological and immunohistochemical study on age-related muscle impairment. by Tarantino U1, Scimeca M2,3, Piccirilli E4, Tancredi V5, Baldi J4, Gasbarra E4, Bonanno E6.(PubMed)
(49) Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis by Loeser RF1.(PubMed)
(50) Joint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults by Roos EM1.(PubMed)
(51) The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. by Lohmander LS1, Englund PM, Dahl LL, Roos EM.(PubMed)
(52) Age-Related Sarcopenia in Humans Is Associated with Reduced Synthetic Rates of Specific Muscle Proteins1,2 by D. N. Proctor, P. Balagopal*, and K. S. Nair*,3(The Journal of Nutrition)
(53) Muscle strength, pain and disability in patients with osteoarthritis by Steultjens MP1, Dekker J, van Baar ME, Oostendorp RA, Bijlsma JW.(PubMed)
(54) Effects of muscle-strength training on the functional status of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint by Schilke JM1, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, O'Dell JR.(PubMed)
(55) How do sex and gender affect knee OA? By Jennie McKee(AAOS)
(56) Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: sex and gender differences by O'Connor MI1.(PubMed)
(57) [The prevalence of radiological osteoarthritis in relation to age, gender, birth-year cohort, and ethnic origins].[Article in German] by Spahn G1, Schiele R, Hofmann GO, Schiltenwolf M, Grifka J, Vaitl T, Schneider S, Liebers F, Klinger HM.(PubMed)
(58) The genetic epidemiology of osteoarthritis by Valdes AM1, Spector TD.(PubMed)
(59) Clinical significance of bone changes in osteoarthritis, Monitoring Editor: Gerolamo BianchiTuhina Neog(PMC)
(60) Mechanobiology: Cartilage and Chondrocyte edited by J. F. Stoltz
(61) Are joint injury, sport activity, physical activity, obesity, or occupational activities predictors for osteoarthritis? A systematic review. by Richmond SA1, Fukuchi RK, Ezzat A, Schneider K, Schneider G, Emery CA.(PubMed)
(62) Primary osteoarthritis and occupations: a national cross sectional survey of 10 412 symptomatic patients by Rossignol M1, Leclerc A, Hilliquin P, Allaert FA, Rozenberg S, Valat JP, Avouac B, Coste P, Savarieau B, Fautrel B.(PubMed)
(63) Analysis of osteoarthritis in a mouse model of the progeroid human DNA repair syndrome trichothiodystrophy by Botter SM1, Zar M, van Osch GJ, van Steeg H, Dollé ME, Hoeijmakers JH, Weinans H, van Leeuwen JP.(PubMed)
(64) Questions and Answers about Gout(NIH)
(65) Are joints affected by gout also affected by osteoarthritis? by Roddy E1, Zhang W, Doherty M.(PubMed)
(66) Patient compliance in rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and gout by de Klerk E1, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, van der Tempel H, Urquhart J, van der Linden S.(PubMed)
(67) Paget's disease of bone(Wikipedia)
(68) Paget's disease of bone: a review by Colina M1, La Corte R, De Leonardis F, Trotta F.(PubMed)
(69) Septic arthritis complicating hip osteoarthritis by Donell S1, Williamson DM, Scott DL.(PubMed)

Most Common Disease of Elder: The Clinical trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Symptoms

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia



                       Osteoarthritis


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).
The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                            The Symptoms


Some researchers classified the severity symptoms of osteoarthritis as follow
1. Pain in joints of the hand
Most commonly affected joints of the hand in osteoarthritis include the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (CMC 1) and the distal (DIP) andproximal (PIP) interphalangeal joints. may be resulted of
associated of High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men(9), especially for patient with knee osteoarthritis(10).Ageing(11), female gender(12), genotype(13)(14), heavy work(15)(16) have shown to associate to the pain and pressure on the hands, and injuries predispose to osteoarthritis in the hand(17). The pain may be also due to permeability change in the synovial tissue caused by molecules released from the joint cartilage(18)(19).

2. Knee and Hip
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip is among the most frequent arthritic conditions(19). Some researcher suggested that the pathological joint changes in OA include: cartilage destruction by pro-inflammatory cytokines(20), matrix metalloproteinases(21)(22) and prostaglandins(23) in promotion of a catabolic environment(19).


3. Spine
Vertebral deformity, in particular wedging, of the thoracic spine is not exclusively characteristic for osteoporosis(24), but in Europe, it is a marker of vertebral osteoporosis, in different regions and populations(25) and certain vertebral deformities develop by mechanisms other than fracture(26). Osteoporotic fracture of the thoracic spine can induce severe pain in your back, legs, and arms and weakness or numbness in these areas if the fracture injures the nerves of the spine(27)
Osteoarthritis is found to affect the low back can lead to chronic low back pain (lumbago)(28)(29) and degenerative disc disease (spondylosis)(30)(31). Other researchers indicated that postmenopausal women with lumbar spine disc degeneration are as the result of by increased CII degradation(32)(33).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review by Pereira D1, Peleteiro B, Araújo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E.(PubMed)
(4) Effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise on symptoms and function associated with lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis by Waller B1, Ogonowska-Slodownik A2, Vitor M3, Lambeck J4, Daly D5, Kujala UM6, Heinonen A7.(PubMed)
(5) Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on pain, physical functions and safety outcomes in patients with kneeosteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang C1, Xie Y2, Luo X3, Ji Q3, Lu C3, He C4, Wang P3.(PubMed)
(6) Oral intake of purple passion fruit peel extract reduces pain and stiffness and improves physical function in adult patients with knee osteoarthritis by Farid R1, Rezaieyazdi Z, Mirfeizi Z, Hatef MR, Mirheidari M, Mansouri H, Esmaelli H, Bentley G, Lu Y, Foo Y, Watson RR.(PubMed)
(7) Functional ability, mobility, and pain before and after knee replacement in patients aged 75 and older: a cross-sectional study by Limnell K1, Jämsen E, Huhtala H, Jäntti P, Puolakka T, Jylhä M.(PubMed)
(8) The symptoms of OA and the genesis of pain by David J. Hunter, MBBS PhD,1,2 Jason J. McDougall, BSc PhD,3 and Francis J. Keefe4(PubMed)
(9) Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal and First Carpometacarpal Joints is Associated with High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men by von Schewelov T1, Magnusson H1, Cöster M1, Karlsson C1, Rosengren BE1.(PubMed)
(10) Patients with knee osteoarthritis have a phenotype with higher bone mass, higher fat mass, and lower lean body mass by Karlsson MK1, Magnusson H, Cöster M, Karlsson C, Rosengren BE.(PubMed)
(11) Ageing and osteoarthritis: a circadian rhythm connection by Gossan N1, Boot-Handford R, Meng QJ.(PubMed)
(12) Osteoarthritis in Latin America: Study of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in 3040 Patients by Reginato AM1, Riera H, Vera M, Torres AR, Espinosa R, Esquivel JA, Felipe OJ, Blas JR, Rillo O, Papasidero S, Souto R, Rossi C, Molina JF, Ballesteros F,Radrigan F, Guibert M, Chico A, Gil ML, Camacho W, Urioste L, Garcia AK, Iraheta I, Gutierrez CE, Duarte M, Castañeda O, Coimbra I, Muñoz Louis R, Reveille J, Quintero M; Pan-American League of Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) Osteoarthritis Study Group.(PubMed)
(13) Vitamin D receptor genotype is associated with radiographic osteoarthritis at the knee by Uitterlinden AG1, Burger H, Huang Q, Odding E, Duijn CM, Hofman A, Birkenhäger JC, van Leeuwen JP, Pols HA.(PubMed)
(14) Estrogen receptor alpha genotype is associated with a reduced prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis in elderly Caucasian women by Lian K1, Lui L, Zmuda JM, Nevitt MC, Hochberg MC, Lee JM, Li J, Lane NE.(PubMed)
(15) Knee osteoarthritis: influence of work involving heavy lifting, kneeling, climbing stairs or ladders, or kneeling/squatting combined with heavy lifting by Jensen LK1.(PubMed)
(16) Hip osteoarthritis: influence of work with heavy lifting, climbing stairs or ladders, or combining kneeling/squatting with heavy lifting by Jensen LK1.(PubMed)
(17) [Osteoarthritis of the thumb and fingers].[Article in Finnish] by Waris E1, Waris V, Konttinen YT.(PubMed)
(18) Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: latest findings and interpretation by Jeremy Sokolove and Christin M. Lepus(PMC)
(19) Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Part I: aetiology and pathogenesis as a basis for pharmacotherapy. by Adatia A1, Rainsford KD, Kean WF.(PubMed)
(20) CNI-1493, an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines, retards cartilage destruction in rats with collagen induced arthritis. by Larsson E1, Harris HE, Palmblad K, Månsson B, Saxne T, Klareskog L.(PubMed)
(21) Effective knock down of matrix metalloproteinase-13 by an intra-articular injection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in a murine surgically-induced osteoarthritis model. by Akagi R1, Sasho T, Saito M, Endo J, Yamaguchi S, Muramatsu Y, Mukoyama S, Akatsu Y, Katsuragi J, Fukawa T, Takahashi K.(PubMed)
(22) Knee loading reduces MMP13 activity in the mouse cartilage by Hamamura K, Zhang P, Zhao L, Shim JW, Chen A, Dodge TR, Wan Q, Shih H, Na S, Lin CC, Sun HB, Yokota H1.(PubMed)
(23) [Prostaglandin E₂: innovative approaches for tissue engineering of articular cartilage].[Article in German] by Brochhausen-Delius C1.(PubMed)
(24) Aging of the thoracic spine: distinction between wedging in osteoarthritis and fracture in osteoporosis--a cross-sectional and longitudinal study by Abdel-Hamid Osman A1, Bassiouni H, Koutri R, Nijs J, Geusens P, Dequeker J.(PubMed)
(25) The prevalence of vertebral deformity in european men and women: the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study by O'Neill TW1, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ.(PubMed)
(26) Vertebral Fracture Initiative Part II Radiological Assessment of Vertebral Fracture Authored by: Judith E Adams1 , Leon Lenchik2 , Christian Roux3 and Harry K. Genant4(International Osteoporosis Foundation)
(27) A Patient's Guide to Thoracic Compression Fractures(University of Maryland Medical Center)
(28) [Comparison of the effect of laser and magnetic therapy for pain level and the range of motion of the spine of people with osteoarthritis lower back].[Article in Polish] by Zdrodowska B1, Leszczyńska-Filus M1, Leszczyński R1, Błaszczyk J2.(PubMed)
(29) Development of an Experimental Animal Model for Lower Back Pain by Percutaneous Injury-Induced Lumbar Facet Joint Osteoarthritis. by Kim JS1,2, Ahmadinia K2,3, Li X2, Hamilton JL2, Andrews S4, Haralampus CA2, Xiao G2,5, Sohn HM6, You JW6, Seo YS7, Stein GS8, Van Wijnen AJ9, Kim SG10, Im HJ2,3,11,12,13.(PubMed)
(30) Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study by Yoshimura N1, Muraki S, Oka H, Mabuchi A, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, Saika A, Yoshida H, Suzuki T, Yamamoto S, Ishibashi H, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K, Akune T.(PubMed)
(31) Association of occupational activity with radiographic knee osteoarthritis and lumbar spondylosis in elderly patients of population-based cohorts: a large-scale population-based study. by Muraki S1, Akune T, Oka H, Mabuchi A, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, Saika A, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H, Yoshimura N.(PubMed)
(32) Association between spine disc degeneration and type II collagen degradation in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study by Garnero P1, Sornay-Rendu E, Arlot M, Christiansen C, Delmas PD.(PubMed)
(33) Regeneration of the intervertebral disc with nucleus pulposus cell-seeded collagen II/hyaluronan/chondroitin-6-sulfate tri-copolymer constructs in a rabbit disc degeneration model. by Huang B1, Zhuang Y, Li CQ, Liu LT, Zhou Y.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis: The Marvelous Herbal Formulas by Herbal and TCM medicine specialists

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Treatment

B. In herbal  and traditional Chinese medicine perspective

B.2. Herbal and Traditional Chinese medicine 

B.2.2.The formulas

1. Taikong Yangxin Prescription
Taikong Yangxin Prescription, Containing 10 Chinese herbs(543), in male Sprague-Dawley rats model, the herbal formula express favorably in significant protective effect against bone loss through increases of the trabecular BMD, bonevolume fraction, trabecular number and thickness(543).
No other studies have been found for this formula.

2. QiBaoMeiRan Wan
The herbal formula is a composition of 7 herbs including Shou Wu, Fu Ling, Niu Xi, Dang Gui, Gou Qi Zi, Bu Gu Zhi and Hei Zhi Ma(546) used in traditional Chinese medicine for nourished kidney yin and tonified blood(545) in menopausal women of that may be a leading canadate for treatment of osteoporosis as a result of etrogenic deficiency(545).  In ovariectomized rat model, QiBaoMeiRan Wan exhibited anti osteoporotic protective effects through increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, bone Gla-protein and C-telopeptide fragments of type I collagen and decreased the decline of serum calcium and phosphorus in the circulation, the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences suggested(544).

3. Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin Decoction
Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin Decoction, is a composition of herbal medicine for treatment of osteoporosis in menopausal women(547), through its anti  estrogenic deprivation effects. According to the joint study lead by the Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, administration of the decoration exhibited inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through suppressed RANKL-induced NF-κB transcription(548) via selective estrogenic receptors.
Dr. Gui Y and the research team at the Fudan University showed that oral administration of Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin decoction (BSNXD)in rat model increased DHEA and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro in a dose-dependent manner(549).

4. Xianlinggubao prescription
The herbal formula is a register prescription of traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis with some identified compound, including phenylpropanoids have found to reduced bone loss through the effects on bone mass, bone microarchitecture, bone strength and bone turnover markers(550). According to the The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Xianlinggubao (XLGB) improved bone density, microarchitecture, and mechanical strength,... through its estrogenic  action in anti deterioration of musculoskeletal tissues(551).
5. Er-Xian Decoction
Er-Xian Decoration is a herbal composition containing Xian Mao, Yin Yang Huo, Ba Ji Tian, Dang Gui, Huang Bo and Zhi Mu used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of menopausal symptoms(552) and estrogenic deficient osteoporosis(553) through partially the ER signaling pathway(553). According to the study by the Second Military Medical University, Er-Xian decoction (EXD) not only exhibited a protective effect against bone loss in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats through inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption but also improved the ratio of protein expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL in osteoblasts(554) through its interaction of phytochemicals effects oficariin, curculigoside, and berberine(554).
Combination with epimedium herbs, and icariin also expressed the anti osteoporotic activity through emulated estrogen and improved bone density and architecture, the Second Military Medical University suggested (555).

6. Liu Wei Di Huang Wan
The herbal formula is a composition of  Shu Di Huang, Shan Zhu Yu, Mu Dan Pi, Shan Yao, Fu Ling and Ze Xie used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of varies diseases with kidney and liver yin deficiency. The formula may also be used for postmenopausal osteoporosis (PO) due to its phytochemicals orroniside and loganin activities in improved the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and increased the contents of collagen type I and osteocalcin, Dr. Li M and the research team at the Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine suggested(557).
In  a 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) ovariectomy (OVX) rat, intragastric administration improve bone density through significantly decrease the serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (BGP) in serum(556).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

References

(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed) 

(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)

(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(541) Suppression of mast cell activity contributes to the osteoprotective effect of an herbal formula containing Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Fructus Psoraleae by Chan BC1, Lee HY, Siu WS, Yip KH, Ko CH, Lau CB, Leung PC, Lau HY.(PubMed)

(542) Treatment with qibaomeiran, a kidney-invigorating Chinese herbal formula, antagonizes estrogen decline in ovariectomized rats by Xu Y1, Ma XP, Ding J, Liu ZL, Song ZQ, Liu HN, Lin N.(PubMed)

(543) Bone protection effects of a novel Chinese herbal formula, Taikong Yangxin Prescription (), in hindlimb unloadedrats against bone deterioration by Ko CH1,2, Siu WS1,2, Chan CL1,2, Koon CM1,2, Fung KP1,2, Li YZ3, Li YH3, Leung PC4,5.

(544) Treatment with QiBaoMeiRan, a Chinese herbal formula, prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rat by Xu Y1, Ma X1, An J1, Ding J1, Dai G1, Liu Z2, Song Z2, Lin N1.(PubMed)

(545) Treatment with qibaomeiran, a kidney-invigorating Chinese herbal formula, antagonizes estrogen decline in ovariectomized rats by Xu Y1, Ma XP, Ding J, Liu ZL, Song ZQ, Liu HN, Lin N.(PubMed)

(546) Treatment with qibaomeiran, a kidney-invigorating Chinese herbal formula, antagonizes estrogen decline in ovariectomized rats by Xu Y1, Ma XP, Ding J, Liu ZL, Song ZQ, Liu HN, Lin N.(PubMed)

(547) Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin Decoction ameliorated the osteoporotic phenotype of ovariectomized mice without affecting the serum estrogen concentration or uterus by Wang L1, Qiu XM1, Gui YY1, Xu YP1, Gober HJ2, Li DJ3.(PubMed)

(548) Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin decoction: inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by abrogation of the RANKL-induced NFATc1 and NF-κB signaling pathways via selective estrogen receptor α by Wang L1, Qiu XM1, Gui YY1, Xu YP1, Gober HJ2, Li DJ3(PubMed)

(549) Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin decoction suppresses osteoclastogenesis via increasing dehydroepiandrosterone to preventpostmenopausal osteoporosis by Gui Y1, Qiu X, Xu Y, Li D, Wang L.(PubMed)

(550) In vivo screening for anti-osteoporotic fraction from extract of herbal formula Xianlinggubao in ovariectomized mice by Wang X1, He Y2, Guo B2, Tsang MC2, Tu F3, Dai Y3, Yao Z3, Zheng L2, Xie X2, Wang N4, Yao X3, Zhang G2, Qin L1.(PubMed)

(551) Phytoestrogen-rich herb formula "XLGB" prevents OVX-induced deterioration of musculoskeletal tissues at the hip in old rats by Qin L1, Zhang G, Hung WY, Shi Y, Leung K, Yeung HY, Leung P.(PubMed)

(552) A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a Chinese herbal formula (Er-Xian decoction) for menopausal symptoms in Hong Kong perimenopausal women by Zhong LL1, Tong Y, Tang GW, Zhang ZJ, Choi WK, Cheng KL, Sze SC, Wai K, Liu Q, Yu BX.(PubMed)

(553) Er-xian Decoction exerts estrogen-like osteoprotective effects in vivo and in vitro by Wong KC1, Lee KS, Luk HK, Wan HY, Ho CK, Zhang Y, Wong MS.(PubMed)

(554) Effects and interaction of icariin, curculigoside, and berberine in er-xian decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, on osteoclastic bone resorption by Xue L1, Jiao L, Wang Y, Nie Y, Han T, Jiang Y, Rahman K, Zhang Q, Qin L.(PubMed)

(555) Comparative effects of er-xian decoction, epimedium herbs, and icariin with estrogen on bone and reproductive tissue in ovariectomized rats by Xue L1, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Han T, Nie Y, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Qin L.(PubMed)

(556) The effects of Liuwei Dihuang on canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in osteoporosis by Xia B1, Xu B2, Sun Y2, Xiao L3, Pan J3, Jin H4, Tong P5.(PubMed)

(557) The pharmacological effects of morroniside and loganin isolated from Liuweidihuang Wan, on MC3T3-E1 cells by Li M1, Wang W, Wang P, Yang K, Sun H, Wang X.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis: The Magnificent Natural treatment, according herbal and TCM medicine specialist

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Treatment

B. In herbal  and traditional Chinese medicine perspective

7. The Magnificent Natural treatment 

Beside suggesting certain herbal medicine for treatment of osteoarthritis, modern herbal and TCM medicine doctors may also combine other natural treatment for alleviating symptoms of the disease
1.  Electrostimulation
Use of electricity for treatment of pain, muscle dysfunction and sarcopenia can be dated back to Ancient Egyptians and later the Greeks and Romans(421,462).
In a variectomized rat study, application of pulsed electric field exposure reduced the effect of osteoporosis and restore the bone loss(463). Dr. Manjhi J. and the research team at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, said" In in CCPEF bones, there was an attenuation of decrement in the noted parameters(significant decrease in BMC, BMD, calcium, and phosphorus contents) except phosphorus" probably through stimulation of osteogenesis(465) of that may attenuate the effects of the ovariectomy-induced bone mineral loss in rats(464) and enhance higher global bone mineral content(465).

2. Use Ice or Heat Therapies therapy
Ice therapy such as repeated, rather than continuous, ice applications may be considered as an effective treatment for some patient with pain in osteoporosis due to fracture, a series of compression fractures, muscle spasm and chronic back pain, according to the recommendation by the Osteoporosis: Coping With Chronic Pain by National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center(466).
Dr. Mediati RD and the research team at the Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Unit, said "osteoporotic acute pain may be reduced if ".... in cases of acute pain, improve the functional capacity of patients and helps to prevent neurological alterations that seems to contribute in significant way in causing irreversible pain chronic syndromes"(467).

3. Acupuncture
The most oldest form of medical treatment in traditional Chinese medicine has been known for its function in relief pain(383,468) and functional limitation(384,469) for chronic patient, including patient with moderate or severe chronic knee pain(383,468), peripheral joint osteoarthritis(384,469) and hip osteoarthritis(470).
A twenty-four 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats study conducted by Suzuka University of Medical Science, 16 weeks of treatment of acupuncture not only promoted the bone formation but also suppressed the bone resorption of which may be useful for treatment of menopausal osteoporotic women(471). Dr, Ma J and the research team said " acupuncture can suppress abnormal increase of body weight and decrease of serum E2 level, and significantly downregulate serum of alkaline phosphatase, bone gla protein and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels in OVX rats, which may contribute to its effect in relieving osteoporosis"(472).

Other study also promotes the use of electroacupuncture (EA) for treatment of osteoporosis not only for it effects as mention in (472) but also improve the level of E2 and propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) significantly(473).

3. Massage Therapy
Massage therapy has been used in traditional Chinese medicine over thousands of year for treatment of chronic and acute pain in osteoporostic patient due to fractures and fracture related conditions(474).
Comprehensive therapy including massage therapy has shoen to improve the bone metabolism, clinical symptoms and the activity function of joints, and elevate serum SPARC levels in patient with osteoporosis, according to the Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University(475).

Unfortunately, the The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University reported a case of a pedicle fracture after a back massage, therefore, this event may raise awareness of awareness of a complication of alternative medicine(476).

Dr. Uhlemann C and Dr. Lange U. said" Physical therapy applied in osteoporosis includes ......  mechanical (massage, physiotherapy) stimuli, which can be applied regionally, locally or holistically"(477)(for pain relief).

4. Spa therapy
Spa therapy may be one the effective technique for treatment of lower back pain, according to some studies(392, 478). The spa therapy conducted by Santa Maria de is Acquas, suggested that long-term mud-bath therapy (MBT) showed a reduced frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis and benefit for the BMD of menopausal women(479).
In pain relief, spa therapy showed to relief symptoms of pain, stiffness and mobility(395,480), improve physical function and quality of life(397, 481) in patient with OA.

5. Hydro exercise therapy
Hydrotherapy, using water for the treatment of disease has shown some beneficiary for treating pain in patient with lower back pain(399,482), joint hemorrhages(400,483) and multiple sclerosis(401,484). The study of 35 postmenopausal women trained for seven months for three one-hour sessions per week suggested that water exercise exhibit a positive effects in maintenance and improvement of bone status(485).
In a randomized Clinical Trial of Aquatic versus Land Exercise, conducted by the University of Saskatchewan, researchers showed that aquatic exercise Significant improvements in balance and may be considered as a viable alternative for older women with OP who have difficulty exercising on land(486).
In deed, the 152 older persons with chronic symptomatic hip or knee OA study by the University of Sydney, hydrotherapy or Tai Chi classes expressed the enhancement of large and sustained improvements in physical function for many older, sedentary individuals with chronic hip or knee OA(403,487) for pain relief.

6. Tai Chi
Tai chi, an ancient form of mind-body exercise or technique used in Chinese with meditative movements that promote balance and healing of the mind and body induced mental concentration, physical balance, muscle relaxation, and relaxed breathing(406,488) and beneficial effects with respect to balance, falls and non-vertebral fractures(489).
The Universität Würzburg, in the study of effects of aging on osteoporosis, suggested that Tai Chi, suitable to patient with osteoporosis may be a better form of disease-adapted exercise to reduce fracture risk, improve quality of life, maintain independence and decrease mortality(490).Dr. Kozaki K, in the study of  the Cochrane systematic review article 2009 said " exercise such as Tai-Chi, ............ are shown to prevent falls in community-dwelling elderly"(491).
In fact other study such as combination of Green tea polyphenols (GTP) and Tai Chi(TC) improve osteoporotic degenerative bone health by effectively reduced the levels of oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (492)

7. Yoga
An ancient form of medical technique originated from India, is become a popular multimodal mind-body exercise in the Western world for promoted flexibility, strength, endurance, and balance(412,493).
Practice of yoga, according to Dr.Smith EN, and Dr. Boser A. is found to provide a greatest benefit to individuals with osteoporosis such as prevented or ceased the progression of osteoporosis, strengthened the muscles supporting the spinal column, promoted balance, improved posture, and enhanced quality of life with least risk(494), especially not for spinal flexion exercise (SFE) in patients with spinal osteoporosis(495).

Further more, the Istanbul University study insisted that yoga may be an alternative physical activity potentially for a positive effect on pain, physical functions, social functions in the rehabilitation of osteoporotic menopausal women(496).


8. Chiropractic
 Chiropractic is one the alternative therapy for diagnosis and treatment of Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), including lower back pain with osteoporotic patient(497).
According to the joint study by the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice and Southern California University of Health Sciences,chiropractic spinal manipulation may lower 76% risk of injury to the head, neck, or trunk within 7 days among subjects with a chiropractic office visit in patient of aged 66 to 99 years(498).

In the treatment of a 74-year-old man presented with low back pain (LBP) and loss of feeling in his lower extremities for 3 months, Dr. Roberts JA and Dr. Wolfe TM. said" Chiropractic management...activator-assisted spinal manipulative therapy, had positive subjective and objective results for LBP and ambulation in a geriatric veteran with degenerative disk disease and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis"(499).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer


References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)

(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(462)

(463) Changes in bone histology due to capacitive electric field stimulation of ovariectomized rat by Behari J1, Behari J.(PubMed)

(464) Changes in bone histology due to capacitive electric field stimulation of ovariectomized rat by Behari J1, Behari J.(PubMed)

(465) Electrical field stimulation improves bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats by Lirani-Galvão AP1, Bergamaschi CT, Silva OL, Lazaretti-Castro M.(PubMed)

(466) the Osteoporosis: Coping With Chronic Pain by National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center

(467) Pathogenesis and clinical aspects of pain in patients with osteoporosis by Mediati RD1, Vellucci R1, Dodaro L1.(PubMed)

(468)

(469)

(470)

(471) Acupuncture increases bone strength by improving mass and structure in established osteoporosis after ovariectomy in rats by Zhang W1, Kanehara M, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Zhang G, Yang Y, Tachi S, Ishida T.(PubMed)

(472) [Effects of acupuncture on bone metabolism and serum estradiol level in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosisrats].[Article in Chinese] by Ma J1, Yun-guang H, Zhang DH.(PubMed)

(473) [Effect of electroacupuncture on the biochemical indices of bone and bone collagen metabolism and TNF-alpha in osteoporosis model rats without ovaries].[Article in Chinese] by Bao SY1, Zhang SJ, Lin WJ, Chen JF.(PubMed)

(474) Massage Therapy for Osteoporosis(ME)

(475) [Effects of comprehensive therapy on serum SPARC levels in ankylosing spondylitis patients accompanied withosteoporosis].[Article in Chinese] by Xu JR1, Lin Y, Zhang CY, Li WM, Guo CJ, Ye L.(PubMed)

(476) Isolated unilateral vertebral pedicle fracture caused by a back massage in an elderly patient: a case report and literature review by Guo Z1, Chen W, Su Y, Yuan J, Zhang Y.(PubMed)

(477) [Physiotherapy strategies in osteoporosis--recommendations for daily practice].[Article in German] by Uhlemann C1, Lange U.(PubMed)

(479) Bone mineral density in women on long-term mud-bath therapy in a Salus per Aquam (SPA) environment by Loi A1, Lisci S, Denotti A, Cauli A.(PubMed)

(480)

(481)

(482)

(482)(483)(484)

(485) The effect of a water exercise program on bone density of postmenopausal women by Rotstein A1, Harush M, Vaisman N.(PubMed)

(486) A Randomized Clinical Trial of Aquatic versus Land Exercise to Improve Balance, Function, and Quality of Life in Older Women with Osteoporosis by Arnold CM1, Busch AJ, Schachter CL, Harrison EL, Olszynski WP.(PubMed)

(487)

(488)

(489) Tai chi for osteoporosis: a systematic review by Lee MS1, Pittler MH, Shin BC, Ernst E.(PubMed)

(490) [Age and osteoporosis. Effects of aging on osteoporosis, the diagnostics and therapy].[Article in German] by Jakob F1, Seefried L, Schwab M(PubMed)

(491) [Fall risk and fracture. Aging and fall/fracture].[Article in Japanese] by Kozaki K1.(PubMed)

(492) Mitigation of oxidative damage by green tea polyphenols and Tai Chi exercise in postmenopausal women with osteopenia by Qian G1, Xue K, Tang L, Wang F, Song X, Chyu MC, Pence BC, Shen CL, Wang JS.(PubMed)

(493)

(494) Yoga, vertebral fractures, and osteoporosis: research and recommendations by Smith EN, Boser A.(PubMed)

(495) Yoga spinal flexion positions and vertebral compression fracture in osteopenia or osteoporosis of spine: case series by Sinaki M1(PubMed)

(496) Yoga might be an alternative training for the quality of life and balance in postmenopausal osteoporosis by Tüzün S1, Aktas I, Akarirmak U, Sipahi S, Tüzün F.(PubMed)

(497) Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy for a geriatric patient with low back pain and comorbidities of cancer, compression fractures, and osteoporosis by Roberts JA1, Wolfe TM.(PubMed)

(498) Risk of traumatic injury associated with chiropractic spinal manipulation in Medicare Part B beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years by Whedon JM1, Mackenzie TA, Phillips RB, Lurie JD.(PubMed)

(499) Chiropractic management of a veteran with lower back pain associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hypertrophy and degenerative disk disease by Roberts JA1, Wolfe TM.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis: The Splendid and Preventive foods by herbal and TCM medicine specialists

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Treatment

B. In herbal  and traditional Chinese medicine perspective

4. The Preventive foods
4.1. Dry plum
Dry plum is best known for its natural laxative sorbitol used for treatment of constipation and considered as a best candidate for treatment against osteoporosis and osteopenia due to the presence of antioxidants hydroxycinnamic acids(434) and anthocyanins(435).
Some studies of the bone-protective properties of dried plum suggested that the fruit significantly increased the BMD of the ulna and spine through its antioxidant effects on increased RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in comparison with the control group(436). In postmenopausal women, daily intake of dried plum (100 g/d) significantly increased BMD of ulna and spine through suppressed rate of bone turn over in comparison with the same intake as of apple(437), according to
the Florida State University

Dr. Hooshmand S. and the research team at the San Diego State University and Florida State University suggested ".... the positive effects of dried plum on bone are in part due to the suppression of RANKL production, the promotion of OPG and the inhibition of sclerostin..." of that have a direct control on bone formation via the production of sclerostin and bone resorption(438).

4.2. Apple
Apple, one of the most widely cultivated tree fruit for its nutrients, is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family Rosaceae, originated in Central Asia. The fruit has long been known for its benefits in cardiovascular protective effects(439).  Dihydrochalcone phloretin, an antioxidant found in apple tree leaves, exert protective effect against estrogen deficiency-induced osteoclastogenic resorption, through its activities involved RANKL-differentiatiation in mature osteoclasts(440). According to Unité des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, phloridzin, an other apple antioxidant polyphenol improved aging and sex hormones deficiency causes of inflammatory and oxidant conditions, inducing pathogenesis of osteoporosis, through promoting inflammation markers and bone resorption(441).

4.3. Tomato
Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belongs to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of the recent discovery of its antioxidant, such as lycopene in reduced risk of prostate(442) and cancers(443) and cardiovascular disease(443), tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose and often in green house.

Dr. Sołtysiak P and Dr. Folwarczna J. in the assessement of the effectiveness of carotenoid pigment, lycopene suggested that the phytochemical exhibit a favorable affect the skeletal system such as osseous tissue through inhibited bone resorption(444), the formation of ROS-secreting osteoclasts(445), formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase  + multinucleated osteoclasts(445) of that can result in reduced risk of osteoporosis.

In animal model, lycopene decreased oxidative stress of which has a inversely correlated with BMD and improved BMD through facilitated bone formation and inhibited bone resorption(446).

4.4. Dairy and calcium fortified products

Intake regularly of Dairy(The prevention and management: the Diet-1) and calcium fortified products(The prevention and management: the Diet-5) are both recommended by herbal medicine  for its benefits in induced calcium absorption because of the presence of vitamin D3, but not in traditional Chinese medicine. TCM views dairy products with a extreme dampness presentation(446a) of which induce production of phlegm(446b) causes of many forms of diseases.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

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Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer


References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)

(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(434) Oral administration of phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats by Yamaguchi M1, Lai YL, Uchiyama S, Nakagawa T.(PubMed)

(435) Nutraceutical and antioxidant effects of a delphinidin-rich maqui berry extract Delphinol®: a review by Watson RR1, Schönlau F.(PubMed)

(436) The effect of dried plum on serum levels of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, osteoprotegerin and sclerostin in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial by Hooshmand S1, Brisco JR1, Arjmandi BH2.(PubMed)

(437) Comparative effects of dried plum and dried apple on bone in postmenopausal women by Hooshmand S1, Chai SC, Saadat RL, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Arjmandi BH.(PubMed)

(438) The effect of dried plum on serum levels of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, osteoprotegerin and sclerostin in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial by Hooshmand S1, Brisco JR1, Arjmandi BH2.(PubMed)

(439) Daily apple versus dried plum: impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women by Chai SC1, Hooshmand S, Saadat RL, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Arjmandi BH.(PubMed)

(440) Phloretin promotes osteoclast apoptosis in murine macrophages and inhibits estrogen deficiency-inducedosteoporosis in mice by Lee EJ1, Kim JL1, Kim YH1, Kang MK1, Gong JH1, Kang YH2.(PubMed)

(441) Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions by Puel C1, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada MN, Coxam V.(PubMed)

(442) Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Chen J1, Song Y, Zhang L.(PubMed)

(443) Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease by Rao AV1, Agarwal S.(PubMed)

(444) [Effects of lycopene on the skeletal system].[Article in Polish by Sołtysiak P1, Folwarczna J1.(PubMed)

(445) Lycopene I--effect on osteoclasts: lycopene inhibits basal and parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclast formation and mineral resorption mediated by reactive oxygen species in rat bone marrow cultures by Rao LG1, Krishnadev N, Banasikowska K, Rao AV.(PubMed)

(446) Lycopene intake facilitates the increase of bone mineral density in growing female rats by Iimura Y1, Agata U, Takeda S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshida S, Ezawa I, Omi N.(PubMed)

(446a) The Chinese Medicine Diet, Article by Margaret. May 1, 2010