Saturday 5 December 2015

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Antioxidant Vitamins

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).



                               The Prevention and Management 
The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in  in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).

Antioxidants and Osteoporosis

Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).
Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase reduced the excessive production of free radicals in the organism, and the imbalance between the concentrations of these and the antioxidant defenses have found to attenuate the risk of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women, according to the study by the Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine(247). Further more, decrease antioxidant defenses due to aging may also may contribute to this process(250).
Dietary and endogenous antioxidants were consistently lower in patients with osteoporosis, according to University of Perugia, of that can lead to decrease antioxidant defenses and promoting pathogenesis of osteoporosis(249).

The  Antioxidant Vitamins
1. Vitamin C
The one of free radical scavenger with function in remove or de-activate impurities and unwanted reaction of oxygen species plays an important role in antioxidant defense in reduced risk of osteoporosis, in a study of 75 subjects with osteoporosis and 75 controls(249).
In a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study, dietary vitamin C has found to exhibit a protective effect on bone health in older adults(251), with significantly fewer hip fractures and non-vertebral fractures(251). In oxidative stress, Not orally, administration of vitamin C may prevent osteoporosis in menopausal women at high doses to postmenopausal women throguhplasma antioxidant activity(252).
The The University of Melbourne study insisted that antioxidant vitamin E or C supplements may suppress bone resorption in nonsmoking postmenopausal women, by improved bone formation and resorption(253).

2. Vitamin A
Low retinol concentrations, a derivative of vitamin A may associated to modest fracture risk in adjustment for BMI and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol(254). According to the study by University of Sheffield, serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene found in multivitamin or cod liver oil supplementation may induce lower risk of fracture depending to age, total hip BMD(255). Dr. Crandall C. said" Retinol intake from diet or supplements is negatively associated with lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter bone mineral density (BMD),....(But) it is not yet possible to set a specific level of retinol intake above which bone health is compromised" (256).
According to the UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, deficiency of vitamin A and other dietary factors, such as protein, vitamin K, phytoestrogens, and other nutrients, -might also contribute to the risk for osteoporosis(257).

3. Vitamin D
Vitamin D, found abundantly when exposed your skin on sunlight and played an essential role in the absorption of calcium has been found to have a beneficiary effect on patient with osteoporosis. Dr. Gennari C. said" daily intake of 700-800 mg of calcium and 400-800 IU of vitamin D. This is an effective, safe and cheap means of preventing osteoporotic fractures"(258).
In a cross-sectional study involved 2942 men and 7158 women aged 40-75 years, deficiency of vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/mL) found in in 75.2% of the entire study population. is associated to significantly high prevalence of osteoporosis risk(259)(260).
Ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet in the aging population, has shown to induce risk of osteoporosis(261).
According to Italian Society for Osteoporosis "The highest tolerated daily dose has been identified as 4,000 IU/day. Vitamin D supplementation should be carefully monitored in patients at higher risk of vitamin D intoxication (granulomatosis) or with primary hyperparathyroidism"(262).

4. Vitamin E
Lower serum of vitamin E  and  vitamin E:lipid ratio levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women through reduced bone mineral density(BMD)(263). In acommunity-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan and in postmenopausal women of Northwest India studies, vitamin D receptor (VDR) variability such as gene polymorphism and physical activity are associated to low handgrip strength (LHS) and osteoporosis (OST)(264)(265).
In fact, the imbalance of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in osteoporosis, may be prevented with with prolonged intake of antioxidant vitamin supplementation(266), the study Patil Medical College and Hospital suggested.

5. Vitamin K
Synthetic vitamin K2  found to associate to the inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol(268) has been used in therapy for treatment of osteoporosis, especially in the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women, as it modestly increased lumbar spine BMD, and reduced the incidence of fractures (mainly vertebral fracture),..(267). Short-term effect of vitamin K administration improved BMD of the lumbar spine associated with suppression of both bone formation and bone resorption(269) and dietary of synthetic vitamins K2 and D3 induced protective effects through decreased bone mineral density(270) in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine suggested


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


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References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)
(205) New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications by Griffith JF1, Genant HK.(PubMed)
(207) Severe osteoporosis: diagnosis of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures by Giovanni D’Elia,1 Giuliana Roselli,1 Loredana Cavalli,2 Paolo Innocenti,1 and Maria Luisa Brandi2(PubMed)
(208) Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture by Parkinson IH1, Fazzalari NL.(PubMed)
(209) Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density inosteoporosis by Shiraki M1, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M.(PubMed)
(210) Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase ofbone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized prospective study by Shiraki M1, Itabashi A.(PubMed)
(211) Association of Body Weight and Body Mass Index with Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men from Kosovo by Rexhepi S1, Bahtiri E2, Rexhepi M1, Sahatciu-Meka V3, Rexhepi B1.(PubMed)
(212) Should we prescribe calcium or vitamin D supplements to treat or prevent osteoporosis? by Bolland MJ1, Grey A1, Reid IR1.(PubMed)
(246) Hydrogen sulfide protects MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications for the treatment of osteoporosis by Xu ZS1, Wang XY, Xiao DM, Hu LF, Lu M, Wu ZY, Bian JS.(PubMed)
(247) Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: a controlled study by Sendur OF1, Turan Y, Tastaban E, Serter M.(PubMed)
(248) Role of antioxidant systems, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide in postmenopausal osteoporosis by Ozgocmen S1, Kaya H, Fadillioglu E, Aydogan R, Yilmaz Z.(PubMed)
(249) Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: results of a cross-sectional study by Maggio D1, Barabani M, Pierandrei M, Polidori MC, Catani M, Mecocci P, Senin U, Pacifici R, Cherubini A.(PubMed)
(250) Alterations of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in aging by Kasapoglu M1, Ozben T.(PubMed)
(251) Protective effect of total and supplemental vitamin C intake on the risk of hip fracture--a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study by Sahni S1, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, Blumberg J, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Tucker KL.(PubMed)
(252) Exploiting the antioxidant potential of a common vitamin: could vitamin C prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis? by Talaulikar VS1, Chambers T, Manyonda I.(PubMed)
(253) Antioxidant vitamin supplements and markers of bone turnover in a community sample of nonsmoking women by Pasco JA1, Henry MJ, Wilkinson LK, Nicholson GC, Schneider HG, Kotowicz MA.(PubMed)
(254) No increase in risk of hip fracture at high serum retinol concentrations in community-dwelling older Norwegians: the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies by Holvik K1, Ahmed LA2, Forsmo S3, Gjesdal CG4, Grimnes G5, Samuelsen SO6, Schei B7, Blomhoff R8, Tell GS9, Meyer HE10.(PubMed)
(255) Serum retinoids and beta-carotene as predictors of hip and other fractures in elderly women by Barker ME1, McCloskey E, Saha S, Gossiel F, Charlesworth D, Powers HJ, Blumsohn A.(PubMed)
(256) Vitamin A intake and osteoporosis: a clinical review by Crandall C1.(PubMed)
(257) Bones and nutrition: common sense supplementation for osteoporosis by Advani S1, Wimalawansa SJ.(PubMed)
(258) Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly by Gennari C1(PubMed)
(259) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among middle-aged and elderly individuals in northwestern China: its relationship to osteoporosis and lifestyle factors by Zhen D1, Liu L2, Guan C3, Zhao N4, Tang X5.(PubMed)
(259) Vitamin D deficiency in northern Vietnam: prevalence, risk factors and associations with bone mineral density by Nguyen HT1, von Schoultz B, Nguyen TV, Dzung DN, Duc PT, Thuy VT, Hirschberg AL.(PubMed)
(260) Vitamin D deficiency and aging: implications for general health and osteoporosis by Eriksen EF1, Glerup H(PubMed)
(261) The standardized creation of a lumbar spine vertebral compression fracture in a sheep osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet by Eschler A1, Röpenack P2, Herlyn PK2, Roesner J3, Pille K2, Büsing K4, Vollmar B5, Mittlmeier T2, Gradl G6.(PubMed)
(262) [Guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS)].[Article in Italian] by Adami S1, Romagnoli E, Carnevale V, Scillitani A, Giusti A, Rossini M, Gatti D, Nuti R, Minisola S; Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS).(PubMed)
(263) Lower vitamin E serum levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study by Mata-Granados JM1, Cuenca-Acebedo R, Luque de Castro MD, Quesada Gómez JM.(PubMed)
(264) Vitamin D receptor variability and physical activity are jointly associated with low handgrip strength andosteoporosis in community-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan: the Taichung Community Health Study for Elders (TCHS-E) by Wu FY1, Liu CS, Liao LN, Li CI, Lin CH, Yang CW, Meng NH, Lin WY, Chang CK, Hsiao JH, Li TC, Lin CC.(PubMed)
(265) Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism influences the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women of Northwest India by Singh M1, Singh P, Singh S, Juneja PK, Kaur T.(PubMed)
(266) Effect of supplementation of vitamin C and E on oxidative stress in osteoporosis by Chavan SN1, More U, Mulgund S, Saxena V, Sontakke AN.(PubMed)
(267) Vitamin K₂ therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis by Iwamoto J1.(PubMed)
(268) Inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin after vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) treatment in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol by Inoue T1, Sugiyama T, Matsubara T, Kawai S, Furukawa S.(PubMed)
(269) Short-term effect of vitamin K administration on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis by Yonemura K1, Kimura M, Miyaji T, Hishida A.(PubMed)
(270) Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine by Yonemura K1, Fukasawa H, Fujigaki Y, Hishida A.(PubMed)

Friday 4 December 2015

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Prevention and Management Diet

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).



                               The Prevention and Management 
The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in  in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).

                                   The Diet

Certain foods are found to associate to reduce risk of osteoporosis, according to the dietitian of Canada(222)
1. Dairy products
With high amount calcium, diary product, including milk, yogurt plays an important role in reduced risk of osteopororsis. In a review of 139 papers published since 1975 and describing studies, higher intake of dairy products is contributed to higher intake of calcium of that induce substantial augmentation of the protective effect of osteoporosis(223). The study of 170 women aged 32 to 59 in bone mineral density (BMD), daily consumption of dairy products and dietary calcium and some non-modifiable risk factors may contrite to good bone health(224). 
The Myongji University supported the intake of dairy product and higher calcium foods beans, fish, seaweeds, and fruits may contribute to the Ca absorption and prevention of osteoporosis in later life(226). In fact, dairy products also attenuate the risk of the disease due to its amount of vitamin D in induced the calcium absorption(227).
Unfortunately, according to the study by Purdue University, Purdue University higher dairy product consumption is only associated with greater hip BMD in men, but not in women. Calcium supplementation intake protected bone loss in both sex(225).

2. Sardines
Vitamin D found abundantly in sardines is associated to induce absorption of intestineal calcium of which contribute to reduced risk osteoporosis(227). According to Dr. Gennari C, intake of fish including sardine together with milk, yoghurts and cheese, the main source of calcium and few vegetables and fruits may provide the RDA is 700-800 mg/day for lower the risk of aosteoporosis(228)

3. Green tea
Epidemiological studies have shown an strong association between tea consumption in prevention of age-related bone loss in elderly women and men(233).In obese female rats fed with high-fat diet and caloric restricted diet, green tea polyphenols (GTP) supplementation increased all factors in reduced risk of osteoporosis, including increased femoral mass and strength, trabecular thickness and eroded surface at proximal tibia, and insulin-like growth factor-I and leptin,...(229).  Intake of Green tea polyphenols (GTP) in conjunction of Tai Chi (TC) is considered as a effective strategies of reducing the levels of oxidative stress, as well as induced the potential as alternative tools to improve bone health in this population(230).
Green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) are found to be a lead compounds for the treatment of bone resorption diseases, through inhibition of the formation and differentiation of osteoclasts(231)(232).

4. Organic Soybean and sesame seed
Intake of soy bean oil exhibited significant increase in BMD (bone mineral density), accompanied with improved level of Ca as it is considered as a functional foods in retarding risks of osteoporosis associated with estrogen deficiency(233), probably through restoring minerals, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory indices(234) according to the in ovariectomy in rats(233a)(234). In fact, in post menopause women, phystestrogens, including isoflavones, have a great similarity with estradiol, principal endogenous estrogen may contribute to the reduced risk of osteoporosis and other menopause symptoms(235). Unfortunately, soy protein and isoflavones (either alone or together) did not affect BMD, they should not be considered as effective interventions for preserving skeletal health in older women

Ingestion soy isoflavone extracts (not soy protein or foods containing isoflavones) supplements increased lumbar spine BMD in menopausal women, but not femoral neck, hip total, and trochanter BMD(237), but other suggested that soy protein and isoflavones (either alone or together) did not affect BMD, they should not be considered as effective interventions for preserving skeletal health in older women(236) according to study.

5. Calcium-fortified foods 
Calcium-fortified foods such as orange juice, cereal, enriched breads, grains, and waffles, etc. may provide rich sources of calcium of that is necessary to reduce bone mineral loss, especially in elder.
Oyster shell rich in calcium may be included in many different diet formulas, especially lentil soup,has a significant effect on minimized risk factors associated with osteoporosis, such as tibial weight, total protein, total calcium and phosphorus with noticeable reduction in ALP activity(238).
According to the Texas Woman's University, consumption of calcium-fortified cereal bars exhibit significantly improve dietary calcium intake of healthy women(240).
Other calcium-fortified foods(242) also have a beneficiary effect in improvement the the sources of calcium and prevented risk of osteoporosis, include powdered lobster shell(239), vitamin D-and calcium-fortified soft white cheese lowers(241),.....

6. Green leafy vegetable (Coccinia grandix Voigt.)
Green leafy vegetable such as spinach, kale, turnips, collard greens has found to have a persistent effect in reduced risk of osteoporosis, through enhancing calcium absorption(243), with some of the difference accounted for by the phytate, oxalate(243), and dietary fiber content of the vegetables(242), according to the study of 19 healthy adult Thais women aged 20 to 45.
In 13 healthy adults in a randomized cross-over design study of spinach absorbability of calcium is very low in comparison to milk produce as a result of oxalative effect(244).

Finally, we would like to remind readers that selection of alkali-generating foods and less acid-generating foods and, can significantly improve bone health of postmenopausal Iranian women, together with adequate dietary calcium intake(297)..  


Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html


Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer




References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)
(221) Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy by [No authors listed](PubMed)
(222) Eating Guidelines to Prevent Osteoporosis - It's Never Too Late! by dietitian of Canada
(223) Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis by Heaney RP1.(PubMed)
(224) Dairy products, dietary calcium and bone health: possibility of prevention of osteoporosis in women: the Polish experience by Wadolowska L1, Sobas K, Szczepanska JW, Slowinska MA, Czlapka-Matyasik M, Niedzwiedzka E.(PubMed)
(225) Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly by McCabe LD1, Martin BR, McCabe GP, Johnston CC, Weaver CM, Peacock M.(PubMed)
(226) Prevalence of osteoporosis according to nutrient and food group intake levels in Korean postmenopausalwomen: using the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data by Lim YS1, Lee SW1, Tserendejid Z1, Jeong SY1, Go G1, Park HR1.(PubMed)
(227) Vitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption by Christakos S1, Dhawan P, Porta A, Mady LJ, Seth T.(PubMed)
(228) Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly by Gennari C1.(PubMed)
(229) Green tea supplementation benefits body composition and improves bone properties in obese female rats fed with high-fat diet and caloric restricted diet by Shen CL1, Han J2, Wang S3, Chung E4, Chyu MC5, Cao JJ6.(PubMed)
(230) Mitigation of oxidative damage by green tea polyphenols and Tai Chi exercise in postmenopausal women with osteopenia by Qian G1, Xue K, Tang L, Wang F, Song X, Chyu MC, Pence BC, Shen CL, Wang JS.(PubMed)
(231) Tea polyphenols inhibit rat osteoclast formation and differentiation by Oka Y1, Iwai S, Amano H, Irie Y, Yatomi K, Ryu K, Yamada S, Inagaki K, Oguchi K.(PubMed)
(232) Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate in arthritis: progress and promis by Salahuddin Ahmed(PubMed)
(233) Green Tea and Bone metabolismby Chwan-Li Shen,1 James K. Yeh,2 Jay Cao,3 and Jia-Sheng Wang4(PMC)
(233a) Role of phytoestrogenic oils in alleviating osteoporosis associated with ovariectomy in rats by Hassan HA1, El Wakf AM, El Gharib NE.(PubMed)
(234) Osteoprotective effect of soybean and sesame oils in ovariectomized rats via estrogen-like mechanism by El Wakf AM1, Hassan HA, Gharib NS(PubMed)
(235) [Effects on health of soy in menopausic women].[Article in Spanish] by de Luis DA1, Aller R, Sagrado J.(PubMed)
(236) Soy proteins and isoflavones affect bone mineral density in older women: a randomized controlled trial1,2,3 by Anne M Kenny, Kelsey M Mangano, Robin H Abourizk, Richard S Bruno, Denise E Anamani, Alison Kleppinger,Stephen J Walsh, Karen M Prestwood, and Jane E Kerstetter(PMC)
(237) Effect of soy isoflavone extract supplements on bone mineral density in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Taku K1, Melby MK, Takebayashi J, Mizuno S, Ishimi Y, Omori T, Watanabe S.(PubMed)
(238) Evaluation of food products fortified with oyster shell for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by Ahmed SA1, Gibriel AA2, Abdellatif AK1, Ebied HM3.(PubMed)
(239) The effect of spiny lobster shell powder on bone metabolism in ovariectomized osteoporotic model rats by Omi N1, Morikawa N, Ezawa I.(PubMed)
(240) Consumption of calcium-fortified cereal bars to improve dietary calcium intake of healthy women: randomized controlled feasibility study by Lee JT1, Moore CE2, Radcliffe JD2.(PubMed)
(241) The selection and prevalence of natural and fortified calcium food sources in the diets of adolescent girls by Rafferty K1, Watson P, Lappe JM.(PubMed)
(242) Calcium absorption from commonly consumed vegetables in healthy Thai women by Charoenkiatkul S1, Kriengsinyos W, Tuntipopipat S, Suthutvoravut U, Weaver CM.(PubMed)
(242) Calcium absorption from kale by Heaney RP1, Weaver CM.(PubMed)
(243) Oxalate: effect on calcium absorbability by Heaney RP1, Weaver CM.(PubMed)
(244) Calcium absorbability from spinach by Heaney RP1, Weaver CM, Recker RR.(PubMed)
(297) Higher Dietary Acidity is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Independent of Dietary Calcium Intake by Shariati-Bafghi SE1, Nosrat-Mirshekarlou E, Karamati M, Rashidkhani B.(PubMed)

Thursday 3 December 2015

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Complications

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).



                               The Complications 

Pain, Fractures, Vertebral, Wrist, Rib fractures are associated with Osteoporosis, according to the study of New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications(205).

1. Bone fracture
Bone fracture is considered as one of most serious complication of osteoporosis, due to loss of bone mineral density. Even minimum mechanical stress can easily head for fracture(206)(207). According to the Department of Diagnostic Imaging - AOUC, most common fracture sites, other than spine and hip are distal radius, forearm, proximal humerus, other femoral sites, ribs, pelvis, tibia and fibula, metatarsal bone and calcaneum(207). Dr. Parkinson IH and Dr. Fazzalari NL in the differentiation of 
Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture said" Fracture of the distal radius is a sentinel for future increased risk of other "osteoporotic" fractures"(208). Certain nutritional supplements have shown effectively in reduced risk of fracture, such as vitamin K2(209)(210), vitamin D, calcium(212)
In deed, over weight and high body mass index (BMI) are associated to risk of lumbar spine and hip fracture in menopausal women and men as a result of poor balance and frequent falls(211).
The Health Quality Ontario said".....long-term exercise programs in mobile seniors and environmental modifications in the homes of frail elderly persons will effectively reduce falls and possibly fall-related injuries in Ontario's elderly population.A combination of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in elderly women will help reduce the risk of falls by more than 40%,..."(213).

2. Pain
Chronic pain is often induced poor quality of life in patient with osteoporosis, affecting daily living and functional status(215) and in some cases, causing mental health, such as anxiety and depression  to certain patients(214).
Exercise training program in osteoporotic patients improved balance and level of daily function, quality of life and decreased experience of pain and use of analgesics(215). Analgetic agent in most is used for elder patient with osteoporotic lower back pain(216).
In a Randomized placebo controlled trial, on self reported pain and quality of life in an elderly population, conducted by the International College of Osteopathic Medicine, Cinisello Balsamo, treatment other than mainstream medicine, showed to improvement of psychological and quality of life factors probably due to the effect on pain relief(217).

3. Bone Deformity 
Deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a major abnormality in the shape(214).
According to the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) cohort study by Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, lower trabecular bone score (TBS) in bone density was associated with higher risk of vertebral fracture over 10 years in associated to the prevalence of vertebral deformity(218).
Elderly patients with osteoporotic neck pain, is associated marked thoracic kyphotic deformity(219).  


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References

(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)
(205) New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications by Griffith JF1, Genant HK.(PubMed)
(206) Stress fractures by Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Frank Gaillard
(207) Severe osteoporosis: diagnosis of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures by Giovanni D’Elia,1 Giuliana Roselli,1 Loredana Cavalli,2 Paolo Innocenti,1 and Maria Luisa Brandi2(PubMed)
(208) Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture by Parkinson IH1, Fazzalari NL.(PubMed)
(209) Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density inosteoporosis by Shiraki M1, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M.(PubMed)
(210) Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase ofbone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized prospective study by Shiraki M1, Itabashi A.(PubMed)
(211) Association of Body Weight and Body Mass Index with Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men from Kosovo by Rexhepi S1, Bahtiri E2, Rexhepi M1, Sahatciu-Meka V3, Rexhepi B1.(PubMed)
(212) Should we prescribe calcium or vitamin D supplements to treat or prevent osteoporosis? by Bolland MJ1, Grey A1, Reid IR1.(PubMed)
(213) Prevention of falls and fall-related injuries in community-dwelling seniors: an evidence-based analysis by Health Quality Ontario(PubMed)
(214) Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General by Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); 2004.
(215) Positive effects of physiotherapy on chronic pain and performance in osteoporosis by Malmros B1, Mortensen L, Jensen MB, Charles P.(PubMed)
(216) [Therapeutic agents for osteoporotic pain].[Article in Japanese] by Nakao S, Miyamoto E, Kawakami M.(PubMed)
(217) A randomized control trial on the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment in reducing pain and improving the quality of life in elderly patients affected by osteoporosis by Papa L1, Mandara A, Bottali M, Gulisano V, Orfei S.(PubMed)
(218) Trabecular bone score (TBS) predicts vertebral fractures in Japanese women over 10 years independently ofbone density and prevalent vertebral deformity: the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) cohort study by Iki M1, Tamaki J, Kadowaki E, Sato Y, Dongmei N, Winzenrieth R, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H.(PubMed)
(219) Atraumatic Occult Odontoid Fracture in Patients with Osteoporosis-Associated Thoracic Kyphotic Deformity: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature by Mori K1, Nishizawa K1, Nakamura A1, Imai S1(PubMed)

Wednesday 2 December 2015

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The diseases associated to Osteoporosis

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

The diseases associated to Osteoporosis

Misdiagnosis of osteoporosis is rare, but it can happen in comprised with misdiagnosis with diseases.

1. Haemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis is a genetic defect of gene (C282YY) and a compound heterozygous mutation (C282Y/H63D)(143). Patient with the disease is associated to risk of 25% of osteoporosis and 41% of osteopenia(144). Patient with osteoporosis-hemochromatosis with misdiagnosis(146) and delay diagnosis(147) of hemochromatosis can induce complications of liver cirrhosis and carcinoma, diabetes or heart failure(145).

2. Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (Myeloma) is a type of cancer originated from plasma cells in the bone marrow induced symptoms of bone pain, infection, anemia, bleeding, back pain certain neurological symptoms, etc.,..(148). 
In the United States, each year approximately 700,000 vertebral body compression fractures due to osteoporosis and bone metastasis
with approximately 70,000 of these resulting in hospitalization(151). Clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma may be derived directly from the malignant infiltration of bone marrow associated to osteoporosis(149), through alter the functions of bone-resorbing (osteoclasts) and bone-forming (osteoblasts) cells, inducing skeletal destruction(150).
According to the Homerton University Hospital, the coexistent osteoporosis and multiple myeloma can induce multiple vertebral fractures in the context of severe osteoporosis causes of vertebral collapse fracture(152).

3. Wilson's Disease 
Wilson's Disease is a genetic disease causes of disorder of copper metabolism(excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the body, especially in the liver and central nervous system). The high prevalence of the osteoporosis in patient with Wilson's diseases(154) may lead to fractures(155) and lower bone mineral density (BMD)(155) due to bone loss,...Patient with WD comprised of severe neurological involvement, low BMI, and/or amenorrhea ate found to associate to risk of fracture, probably due to lower bone mineral density(153)

4. Crohn's disease 
Crohn's disease  is a chronic inflammatory bowel diseases associated to the intestine(156). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) are found to associate to metabolic bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis, a study in Japan insisted(157). In a cross-sectional study of 388 patients with IBD aged 20-50 years, lower bone mineral density, including  mineral density of the femoral neck, total femur and lumbar spine is coexiated in patient with Crohn's disease(158). The study of Iranian patient, risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis increase in patient of Crohn's diseases with smoking, corticosteroid use, age, and BMI(159).

5. Kidney disease
Kidney disease is a chronic disease with gradual loss of renal function over a prolonged period of time. Lifestyle-related diseases, including chronic kidney disease have been shown to have a possible effect on bone metabolism of which can lead to decrease in bone mineral density and an increase risk of fracture(160)(161). According to Capital Medical University Beijing, osteoporosis biomarkers in some case can act as predictors for diagnosis of chronic renal insufficiency in elder patients(162). Patient with pyperparathyroidism due to renal insufficiency may lead to turbulence of bone metabolism and unbalance between serum calcium and phosphorus(162). Renal osteodystrophy damage of bone morphology and abnormal bone metabolism by CKD due to P and Ca abnormalization of mineral metabolism(163).

6. Lupus
 Lupus, is an immune disorder disease causes of chronic inflammation associated to the attack of immune system against its won tissues(164). Osteoporosis is considered as a long term complication of patient with lupus due to its effect in reduced quality of life, increased mortality rates and increased risk of new vertebral and non-vertebral fractures(165). According to the University of Birmingham, in a cross sectional study of a large cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the prevalence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures, and risk factors for fractures were significantly high(166). According to Medicines that May Cause Bone Loss, patient with lupus may need to take medicines, including steroids, to control their symptoms of which can cause bone loss and osteoporosis(167).

7. Multiple sclerosis(MS)
Multiple sclerosis, is an immune disorder associated to demyelinating disease of the central nervous system due to the production of high-affinity anti-myelin immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies by the immune system(168). Patient with MS have found to at risk of low bone mineral density and fracture(170). According to Kings College London, used of glucocorticoid for treatment of MS although reduced mobility but increased risk for osteoporosis(169). The University Hospital of North Norway study suggested that due to high prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with multiple sclerosis and the share of aetiological risk factors such as smoking and hypovitaminosis D, as well as pathogenetic players such as osteopontin and osteoprotegerin, BMD should be measured shortly after diagnosis(171).

8. Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)
Ankylosing spondylitis, a type of spinal arthritis, is an inflammatory disease affected your spine. According to the study of 204 patients with AS by University of Gothenburg and 55 AS patients and 33 healthy controls by Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital elevated serum levels of Wingless protein(Wnt-3a) and low levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) may be used as biomarkers of bone metabolism in relation to osteoproliferation and osteoporosis(172)(173) respectively.
The Cochin Hospital study insisted that both AS and osteoporosis related to both systemic inflammation and decreased mobility and vertebral fracture risk(174), but so far there are no effective treatment in decreased risk of fractures(174)

9. Celiac Disease(CD)
Celiac Disease, is an multisystem autoimmune disorder in which such the disgestive system is highly sensitive to gluten Celiac disease. Patient with CD may experience secondary osteoporosis of that can lead metabolic osteopathy and joint and muscle problems and risk fracture(176),due to abnormal bone mineral metabolism (total calcium/albumin, 25-OH vitamin D3 and parathormone levels in serum) and bone mineral density (densitometry)(175).
According to the Hacettepe University, in the study of 34 children with untreated celiac disease at diagnosis and in 28 patients on a gluten-free diet, suggested that early diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease during childhood with a strict gluten-free diet improves bone mineralization and against the devopment of osteoporosis(177).

10. Diabetes
Patient with diabetes have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Indeed, osteoporosis and its related fractures, are clinically significant and commonly problem in diabetes type I and II patients(181). An India study of a prospective cross-sectional study on 150 patients with T2DM showed that patient with type 2 diabetes have significantly lower BMD at both femoral neck and lumbar spine compared to age and sex matched healthy controls(178). Postmenopausal women with non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) also have an increased risk of osteoporosis(180) and vitamin D deficiency(179).

11. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition of excessive serum of thyroid hormones in the blood stream induced a variable degree of osteopenia(184). Patient with the disease is at the greater risk of in developed osteoporosis and and fractures, especially in the population of in the young and in the early postmenopausal period, according to the La Sapienza University, but have a protective effect on trabecular bone in elderly postmenopausal women(182).
The study by Queen's University, Kingston, found that the alternation of vitamin D in these patient may lead to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in primary osteoporosis and osteopenia(183)

12. Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition of over production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid glands. Patient with hyperthyroidism, including subclinical hyperthyroid is at increased rate to risk of osteoporosis(185)(188) of which can lead to reduce in bone resorption and in ossified bone mineral deposition(185). In thyrotoxicosis patients with Graves' disease, according to the Yokohama Rosai Hospital, the resorption and formation was imbalance may result of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk for osteoporotic fracture(186). Dr. Sato K. said" ...the gradual decrease in bone mineral density (BMD),..... In young patients, the decreased BMD is reversible, but not in post-menopausal women"(187)

13. Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome is a medical condition of over production of corticosteroid hormones (hypercortisolism) by the adrenal cortex of that can lead to higher risk of osteoporosis of that can induce further fractures and bone loss(189). Glucocorticoid therapy used mostly for treatment of the disease may elaborate the impaired the replication, differentiation and function of osteoblasts and induce the apoptosis of mature osteoblasts and osteocytes(190)(191). Dr. Suzuki Y. said" for management of GC-induced osteoporosis,....alendronate and risedronate are recommended as first-line treatment. Ibandronate, teriparatide, and active vitamin D3 derivatives are recommended as alternative option...."(192).

14. Leukemia and Lymphoma
Leukemia is defined as condition of abnormal increase of white blood cells produced by the bone marrow and/or the lymphatic system(193). According to the study by the University of Ottawa, increased odds for fracture, reduced lumbar spine (LS) and bone mineral density(BMD) as a result of vertebral compression, a serious complication of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)(195).
Lymphoma is defined as a condition of cancer in the lymphatic cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system originated in lymph nodes. It represents a group of over 20 types of cancers(194).
According to the John Radcliffe Hospital, lymphomas share some common pathological and clinical features with multiple myeloma (MM), including the association with osteoporosis(198), such as correlating serum levels of osteoclast activating cytokine(198)
Chemotherapy used for treatment of leukemia and lymphoma is associated to high rate of osteoporosis and osteopenia(196)(197).

15. Sickle Cell Disease(SCD)

Sickle Cell Disease is a severe case genetic disorder of anemia caused by mutation of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, afflicting the oxygen absorption. Children with sickle cell anemia is associated to risk of lower bone mineral density(199). In adult with with SCD, the prevalence of abnormal bone mass density (BMD) is high (60%) with a significant low serum level of vitamin D3 and low testosterone hormone in those with very low bone mass density (BMD)(200). Dr,.Patil PL and Dr. Rao BV. said" Early diagnosis of this disease by family physicians will enable initiation of therapy..........patients education regarding management of modifiable risk factors linked with osteoporosis"(201).

15. Thalassemia
Thalassemia, also known as Mediterranean anemia, is a mild form of genetic blood disorder affecting the formation of hemoglobin. 
 There are strong evidence and indication of the association among children, adolescents and young adults with thalassaemia major (TM) in the development of the osteopenia/osteoporosis of that can induce the skeletal abnormalities, fractures, spinal deformities, nerve compression and growth failure, if the diagnosis is delay(202). The diseases is found to contribute to seriously diminished bone mineral density (BMD) as a result of an unbalanced bone turnover with an increased resorptive phase(203).
In fact, Osteopenia-osteoporosis syndrome (OOS) have shown to affect over 60-80% β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients(204), according to the University College London Hospitals. 




References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)
(143) [Molecular genetic analysis and clinical aspects of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis].[Article in German] by Lange U1, Teichmann J, Dischereit G.(PubMed)
(144) Association between iron overload and osteoporosis in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis by Valenti L1, Varenna M, Fracanzani AL, Rossi V, Fargion S, Sinigaglia L.(PubMed)
(145) Miscellaneous non-inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. Haemochromatosis: the bone and the joint of  Guggenbuhl P1, Brissot P, Loréal O(PubMed)
(146) Hereditary hemochromatosis: missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis? by Cherfane CE1, Hollenbeck RD, Go J, Brown KE.(PubMed)
(147) [Hereditary hemochromatosis: presenting manifestations and diagnostic delay].[Article in French] by Gasser B1, Courtois F2, Hojjat-Assari S3, Sauleau EA4, Buffet C5, Brissot P6.(PubMed)
(148) Multiple Myeloma (Myeloma) by Kyle J. Norton
(149) Multiple myeloma and bone disease: pathogenesis and current therapeutic approaches
E C Papadopoulou, S P Batzios, M Dimitriadou, V Perifanis, and V Garipidou(PMC)
(150) Bone antiresorptive agents in the treatment of bone metastases associated with solid tumours or multiple myeloma by Terpos E1, Confavreux CB2, Clézardin P3.(PubMed)
(151) Vertebral augmentation in osteoporosis and bone metastasis by Siemionow K1, Lieberman IH.(PubMed)
(152) Coexistent osteoporosis and multiple myeloma: when to investigate further in osteoporosis.
Mumford ER1, Raffles S1, Reynolds P2.(PubMed)
(153) Bone status and fractures in 85 adults with Wilson's disease by Quemeneur AS1, Trocello JM, Ea HK, Ostertag A, Leyendecker A, Duclos-Vallée JC, de Vernejoul MC, Woimant F, Lioté F.(PubMed)
(154) Bone mineral density of children with Wilson disease: efficacy of penicillamine and zinc therapy by Selimoglu MA1, Ertekin V, Doneray H, Yildirim M.(PubMed)
(155) Fracture in a Young Male Patient Leading to the Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease: A Case Report. by Shin JJ1, Lee JP1, Rah JH1.(PubMed)
(156) Crohn's Disease". National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). July 10, 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
(157) [Inflammatory bowel disease and bone decreased bone mineral density].[Article in Japanese] by Hisamatsu T1, Wada Y2, Kanai T3.(PubMed)
(158) Risk factors for decreased bone mineral density in inflammatory bowel disease: A cross-sectional study by Wada Y1, Hisamatsu T2, Naganuma M3, Matsuoka K4, Okamoto S4, Inoue N3, Yajima T4, Kouyama K5, Iwao Y6, Ogata H3, Hibi T7, Abe T5, Kanai T4(PubMed)
(159) Bone mineral density in Iranian patients with inflammatory bowel disease by Zali M1, Bahari A, Firouzi F, Daryani NE, Aghazadeh R, Emam MM, Rezaie A, Shalmani HM, Naderi N, Maleki B, Sayyah A, Bashashati M, Jazayeri H, Zand S.(PubMed)
(160) [On "2015 Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Osteoporosis associated with lifestyle-related diseases: other lifestyle-related diseases].[Article in Japanese] by Yamauchi M1.(PubMed)
(161) Premature aging in chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: similarities and differences by Kooman JP1, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P.(PubMed)
(162) Osteoporosis biomarkers act as predictors for diagnosis of chronic renal insufficiency in elder patients by Li ZX1, Xu C1, Li YC1, Sun QM2.(PubMed)
(163) [Bone and Nutrition. Nutrition care of renal osteodystrophy].[Article in Japanese] by Tanaka S1, Ito M.(PubMed)
(164) Cerebritis, Lupus, and Lupus Cerebritis by Kyle J. Norton
(165) Osteoporosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by García-Carrasco M1, Mendoza-Pinto C, Escárcega RO, Jiménez-Hernández M, Etchegaray Morales I, Munguía Realpozo P, Rebollo-Vázquez J, Soto-Vega E,Delezé M, Cervera R.(PubMed)
(166) Prevalence and predictors of fragility fractures in systemic lupus erythematosus by Yee CS1, Crabtree N, Skan J, Amft N, Bowman S, Situnayake D, Gordon C.(PubMed)
(167) Medicines that May Cause Bone Loss(National Osteoporosis foundation)
(168) Anti-myelin antibodies play an important role in the susceptibility to develop proteolipid protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by Marín N1, Eixarch H, Mansilla MJ, Rodríguez-Martín E, Mecha M, Guaza C, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Montalban X, Villar LM, Espejo C.(PubMed)
(169) Osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis by Hearn AP1, Silber E.(PubMed)
(170) Bone health and multiple sclerosis by Dobson R1, Ramagopalan S, Giovannoni G.(PubMed)
(171) Multiple sclerosis, a cause of secondary osteoporosis? What is the evidence and what are the clinical implications?by Kampman MT1, Eriksen EF, Holmøy T.(PubMed)
(172) Biomarkers of bone metabolism in ankylosing spondylitis in relation to osteoproliferation and osteoporosis by Klingberg E1, Nurkkala M2, Carlsten H2, Forsblad-d'Elia H2.(PubMed)
(173) Biomarkers and cytokines of bone turnover: extensive evaluation in a cohort of patients with ankylosing spondylitis by Taylan A1, Sari I, Akinci B, Bilge S, Kozaci D, Akar S, Colak A, Yalcin H, Gunay N, Akkoc N.(PubMed)
(174) Inflammation, bone loss and fracture risk in spondyloarthritis by Briot K1, Roux C1.(PubMed)
(175) [Osteoporosis and bone alterations in celiac disease in adults].[Article in Czech] by Hoffmanová I, Anděl M.(PubMed)
(176) Pathologic bone alterations in celiac disease: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment by Krupa-Kozak U1.(PubMed)
(177) Bone mineral density in children with untreated and treated celiac disease by Kavak US1, Yüce A, Koçak N, Demir H, Saltik IN, Gürakan F, Ozen H.(PubMed)
(178) Decreased Bone Mineral Density at the Femoral Neck and Lumbar Spine in South Indian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes by Mathen PG1, Thabah MM2, Zachariah B3, Das AK4.(PubMed)
(179) Prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal females with diabetes mellitus by Al-Maatouq MA1, El-Desouki MI, Othman SA, Mattar EH, Babay ZA, Addar M.(PubMed)
(180) Increased risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a three-year longitudinal study with phalangeal QUS measurements by Neglia C1, Agnello N1, Argentiero A1, Chitano G1, Quarta G1, Bortone I1, Della Rosa G1, Caretto A2, Distante A1, Colao A3, Di Somma C4, Migliore A5,Auriemma RS6, Piscitelli P6.(PubMed)
(181) Prevalence and determinants of osteoporosis in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus by Leidig-Bruckner G1, Grobholz S, Bruckner T, Scheidt-Nave C, Nawroth P, Schneider JG.(PubMed)
(182) Primary hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis by Mazzuoli GF1, D'Erasmo E, Pisani D(PubMed)
(183) Secondary hyperparathyroidism in primary osteoporosis and osteopenia: optimizing calcium and vitamin D intakes to levels recommended by expert panels may not be sufficient for correction by Yendt ER1, Kovacs KA, Jones G.(PubMed)
(184) Effects of oral alendronate in elderly patients with osteoporosis and mild primary hyperparathyroidism by Rossini M1, Gatti D, Isaia G, Sartori L, Braga V, Adami S.(PubMed)
(185) Thyroid hormone excess rather than thyrotropin deficiency induces osteoporosis in hyperthyroidism by Bassett JH1, O'Shea PJ, Sriskantharajah S, Rabier B, Boyde A, Howell PG, Weiss RE, Roux JP, Malaval L, Clement-Lacroix P, Samarut J, Chassande O,Williams GR.(PubMed)
(186) [Osteoporosis treatment in patients with hyperthyroidism].[Article in Japanese] by Saito J1, Nishikawa T.(PubMed)
(187) [Graves' disease and bone metabolism].[Article in Japanese] by Sato K1.(PubMed)
(188) Bone mineral density in patients with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism: is this thyroid status a risk factor for osteoporosis? by Földes J1, Tarján G, Szathmari M, Varga F, Krasznai I, Horvath C.(PubMed)
(189) Skeletal diseases in Cushing's syndrome: osteoporosis versus arthropathy by Kaltsas G1, Makras P.(PubMed)
(190) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy by Canalis E1, Mazziotti G, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP.(PubMed)
(191) [Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis].[Article in Japanese] by Suzuki Y.(PubMed)
(192) [On "2015 Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Drug-induced osteoporosis:glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis].[Article in Japanese]by Suzuki Y1.(PubMed)
(193) Most common Types of Cancer - Leukemia by Kyle J. Norton
(194) Lymphoma (Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma) by Kyle J. Norton
(195) Advanced vertebral fracture among newly diagnosed children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the Canadian Steroid-Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) research program by Halton J1, Gaboury I, Grant R, Alos N, Cummings EA, Matzinger M, Shenouda N, Lentle B, Abish S, Atkinson S, Cairney E, Dix D, Israels S, Stephure D, Wilson B, Hay J, Moher D, Rauch F, Siminoski K, Ward LM; Canadian STOPP Consortium(PubMed)
(196) Bone mineralization defects after treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia ın children.Guren by Dolu M1, Canbolat Ayhan A, Erguven M, Timur C, Yoruk A, Ozdemir S.(PubMed)
(197) Treatment of osteoporosis/osteopenia in pediatric leukemia and lymphoma.Bryant ML1, Worthington MA, Parsons K(PubMed)
(198) Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma presenting as severe osteoporosis.
Atoyebi W1, Brown M, Wass J, Littlewood TJ, Hatton C.(PubMed)(201) Sickle cell disease with osteogenesis imperfecta by Patil PL, Rao BV.(PubMed)
(199) [Evaluation of bone mineral density in children with sickle cell disease].[Article in Spanish] by Garrido Colino C1, Beléndez Bieler C2, Pérez Díaz M3, Cela de Julián E2.(PubMed)
(200) Predictors of abnormal bone mass density in adult patients with homozygous sickle-cell disease by Garadah TS1, Hassan AB1, Jaradat AA2, Diab DE2, Kalafalla HO2, Kalifa AK3, Sequeira RP2, Alawadi AH1(PubMed)
(201) Sickle cell disease with osteogenesis imperfecta by Patil PL, Rao BV.(PubMed)

Tuesday 1 December 2015

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Diagnosis

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).


                               The Diagnosis 

According to the Clinical practice guidelines, the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis include screening and diagnostic methods: risk-factor assessment, clinical evaluation, measurement of bone mineral density, laboratory investigations(131)

If you are experience certain symptom of osteoporosis, the tests which your doctor order include
1. Laboratory testsThe aim of the tests is to check for serum calcium, phosphate, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and, additionally in men, testosterone(132), according to The Catholic University of Korea.

2. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is one most common test to measure the total bone density of including spine, hip, wrist etc... The test forms an important role in the evaluation of individuals at risk of osteoporosis,(133)(134).

3. Quantitative Ultrasound and computed tomography (QCT)
Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a portable and accurate technology used to evaluate skeletal status including bone density at the lumbar spine and hip without the use of ionizing radiation(137). In compared to the conventional dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), quantitative ultrasound yielded results comparable to DEXA and may therefore be used for screening patients osteoporosis(135) and can be a helpful tool for assessing pathological fractures(136), especially for those with CRD(135)

Computed Tomography (CT) scanner.a technology for measuring properties of bone at peripheral skeletal sites for noninvasive bone mineral measurement(138) with greatest advantages of high precision and sensitivity of the vertebral spongiosa site(139) and the latter region of the skeleton, correlates well with the spinal fracture index(140)

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT), which are now the standard methods for assessing osteoporosis severity and treatment efficacy(141). But according to the Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, in cross-sectional study of males with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), High-resolution quantitative computed tomography (HRQCT)-based were more superior to DXA in diferentiating between patients with vertebral fracture status(142).

4. Etc.


References
Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(131) Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. Scientific Advisory Board, Osteoporosis Society of Canada(CMAJ)
(132) Current Recommendations for Laboratory Testing and Use of Bone Turnover Markers in Management of Osteoporosis by Jehoon Lee, M.D.1 and Samuel Vasikaran, M.D.(PMC)
(133) The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis by Glen M Blake and Ignac Fogelman(PMC)
(134) The clinical role of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry by Blake GM1, Fogelman I.(PubMed)
(135) Assessment of osteoporosis by quantitative ultrasound versus dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in children with chronic rheumatic diseases by Hartman C1, Shamir R, Eshach-Adiv O, Iosilevsky G, Brik R.(PubMed)
(136) Review of comparative studies between bone densitometry and quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus in osteoporosis by Flöter M1, Bittar CK, Zabeu JL, Carneiro AC.(PubMed)
(137) Quantitative ultrasound techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis: expert agreement on current status. The International Quantitative Ultrasound Consensus Group by Glüer CC.(PubMed)
(138) Quantitative computed tomography in assessment of osteoporosis by Genant HK1, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Smith R.(PubMed)+
(139) Osteoporosis: assessment by quantitative computed tomography by Genant HK, Ettinger B, Cann CE, Reiser U, Gordan GS, Kolb FO.(PubMed)
(140) Assessment of metabolic bone diseases by quantitative computed tomography by Richardson ML, Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS, Kolb FO, Reiser UJ.(PubMed)