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By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over
10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published
on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base,
healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily,
etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Diseases of Central Nervous system
Dementia
About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia,
and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is
the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's
every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia
in aging people.
V. Treatments
C. In traditional Chinese Medicine Perspective(*)
Based on Chinese ancient medical records. causes of dementia are the results of (*)
C.3. Deficiency of Qi, mainly due to
C.2.2. Heart (Yang) Qi deficiency
Heart Qi deficiency
is a condition of the inability of the heart in transportation of
nutrients to body organs, including the brain through blood circulation.
Prolong period of malnutrition of brain cells may induce abnormal
function of brain's cells in information transmitting or death of
neurons, causing cognitive impairment(844), including learning and
memory deficits(842) and changes in brain tissue and behavior
patterns(843)(842).
Herbal medicine for Heart Qi deficiency
1. Dan shen
Dan
Shen is also known as Red Sage Root with taste of the bitter and
slightly cold in nature, used in TCM as antithrombotic(845),
antihypertonic (lowering blood pressure)(846), antimicrobial(847),
anti-inflammatory(848)(849), agent and to treat coronary and
cerebrovascular disease, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, hepatitis,
hepatocirrhosis, restlessness, insomnia, irritability,(850) etc., by
enhancing the functions of heart and liver channels.
Phytochemicals
1. Cryptotanshinone
2. Hydroxytanshinone,
3. Methyltanshinonate
4. Methylene tanshiquinone
5. Przewatanshinquinone A
6. Przewatanshinquinone B
7. Miltirone
8. Dihydrotanshinone I
9. Tanshinol A
10. Tanshinol B
11. Tanshinol C,
12. Nortanshinone
13. 1, 2, 15, 16-tetrahydrotanshiquinone
14. Danshensuan A, B, C
15. Protocatechuic acid,
16. Protocatechuic aldehyde
17. Etc.
1.1. Dementia
According
to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, dan shen in the
pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, showed to exert
its neuroprotective activity through antiparkinsonian, relaxant,
analgesic and memory enhancing(850). In PC12 cells, combination application
of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) and Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761,
effectively inhibited the formation of amyloid fibrils and protected PC12
cells(855) from beta-AP25-35-induced cytotoxicity and ROS
accumulation(854).
1.2. Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Simple poly hydroxycinnamic acids and
diterpenoid quinone, showed to improve cognitive deficits in mice
model, through protection of neuronal cells,
prevention of amyloid fibril formation and preformed amyloid fibril
disaggregation related to Alzheimer's disease(851). Salvianolic acid B
(Sal B)isolated from dan shen, in animal model, not only prevented
Abeta-induced cytotoxicity(857) but also improved cognitive deficits and
protection of neuronal cells(852), through its effects on suppressing
the production of ROS, calcium flux, and apoptosis(853) and promoted
amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism toward the non-amyloidogenic
products pathway in cortical neuronal cell(856) and multifunctional
machenisms(857). Compound Danshen Tablets (CDST), in rat model, exhibited
spatial cognitive protection through decreased beta-APP expression in the cortex and
hippocampus, detected via immunohistochemistry(859).
1.3. In learning and memory impairment
In
diabetic rats model, dan shen injection improved the learning and
memory decline, through upregulation of expression of MKP-1 in reduced
inflammation(861) under hyperglycemia(860). HX106N, a Chimese herbal
formula, containing dan shen, in Aβ25-35 peptide mice, enhanced on
memory impairment and oxidative stress through increased levels of heme
oxygenase-1 (HO-1)(862). In a joint study of renowned institutions, in
mouse model, myelophil, a combination of extracts taken from Astragali
Radix and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, significantly exhibited its
anti-amnesic properties in memory impairment, through the modulation of
cholinergic activity(863). Tanshinones, a group of diterpenoids found
in dan shen, improved learning and memory impairments, through its
inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase(864)
1.4. In neuroprotective effects
Tanshinone
IIA (Tan IIA), one of the major active constituents of dan shen exerted
its neuroprotective effects, by inhibiting transcription and
translation of genes involved AD development(858). In neurotoxicity of
β-amyloid protein (Aβ) contributed Alzheimer's disease (AD), dan shen
extract suppressed the increased intracellular reactive oxygen species
levels, through deduction of decreased the protein expression involved
in the development of neurodegenerative disease, including ADs(865).
According to Eur J Pharmacol and University of Sydney, salvianolic acid B
(SalB), in mouse model, exhibited neuroprotective effects in an amyloid
β (Aβ) peptide-induced Alzheimer's disease, through its
anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects(866) and ameliorated
cholinergic dysfunction- or Aβ(25-35)-induced memory impairment(867),
respectively.
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume I, Most Common
Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of Central Nervous
system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine by
Kyle J. Norton
References
(842)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313575
(843)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224039
(844)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391905
(845)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451955
(846)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855622
(847)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25272827
(848)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23469598
(849)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525444
(850)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619340
(851)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24393583
(852)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964692
(853)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890202
(854)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17039773
(855)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22314911
(856)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154776
(857)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703159
(858)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859152
(859)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22594104
(860)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25187809
(861)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22320295
(862)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24694662
(863)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24690775
(864)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714702
(865)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932696
(866)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461850
(867)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903108
2. Ren shen (Ginseng)
Ren Shen is a smells
aromatic, tastes sweet and slightly warm herbs, also known as Gingshen,
used in TCM as improved immune system(868)(869), Anti Cancer(870)(871),
Anti aging(872)(873), Anti stress(874)(875), anti
Erectile
dysfunction(876)(877), etc. agent and to generates fluids and reduce
thirst and symptoms of diabetes(878)(879), for xinqixu (heart qi
deficient) related coronary
heart disease
(CHD)(880)(881), anxiety(882)(883), insomnia(884)(885),
depression(886)(887), neurodegenertive disorders(888)(889)(890),
bleeding in the vagina not during period(891), seizures(892)(893),
chronic fatigue(894)(895), etc. as it strongly tonifies Original Qi,
the Spleen and the Lungs, promotes generation of Body Fluids, calms
thirst and the Mind,(896) etc. by enhancing the functions of spleen and
lung channels(897).
Ingredients
1. Saponins
2. Panaxynol
3. Ginsenyne
4. Alpha pansinsene
5. Beta pansinsene
6. Beta farnesene
7. Bicyclogermacrene
8. Beta elemene
9. Gama elemene
10. Alpha neodovene
11. Beta neodovene
12. Alpha humulene
13. Beta humulene
14. Ccaryophyllene
15. Beta gurjunene
16. Alpha gurjunene
17. Alpha selinene
18. Beta selinene
19. Gama selinene
20. Selin-4, alpha guaiene
21. Gama cubebene
22. Beta patchoulene
23. Hepatadecanol-1
24. Etc.
Herbal ren shen
used in the treatment and prevention of dementia(898)
in traditional Chinese medicine, may be due to its effectiveness of
phytochemicals in ameliorated amyloid pathology(899)(900) and related cognitive
deficits(901). In aging related dementia, based on the history of use,
and pharmacological investigation, ren shen showed a strong evidence in cognitive improvement, through cholinesterase inhibitory activity and cholinergic function(902)
. According to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, combination extract of Renshen (Panax Ginseng), Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimedii Brevicornus), Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) and Jianghuang (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) (GEPT) exhibited neuroprotecting mechanism in preventing and treating of AD(903).
2.1. In Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a brain
disorder named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. The disease
destroys brain cells involved inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress(904), causing problems with memory, thinking and
behavior severe(904) enough to affect language communication(905), memory(906),
lifelong hobbies or social life(907).
Ginseng extracts, in
Alzheimer's disease
(AD) patients showed significantly in attenuated amyloid plaque
deposition as well as short- and long-term memory impairment. through
its phytochemical gintonin effect via the mediation in promotion of
non-amyloidogenic processing(908). In amyloid β peptide induced AD cell
model, ginsenoside Rg1, the main chemical constituent of ginseng,
improved the memory impairment associated with
Alzheimer's disease
(AD), through suppressing the signaling transduction pathways and
decreasing the inflammation factors(909)(910); increasing cell
viability, reducing oxidative damage (including apoptosis), restoring
mitochondrial membrane potential(911). According to the join 17-months
old male APP/PS1 mice study by University of Michigan and Yunnan
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, total saponin in leaves of
Panax
notoginseng (LPNS) attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS)
accumulation and cell death in brain cells through activation of Nrf2
(nuclear translocation) and upregulation of downstream antioxidant
systems(912).
Unfortunately, according to the review over 20
databases from the inception to January 2009 and included all
randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from Korea Institute of Oriental
Medicine, the use of ginseng for treatments of
Alzheimer's disease is scarce and inconclusive(913).
2.2. In Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases
Parkinson's
disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system, affecting
movement of muscles(917)(918), speech(919), poster, balance, auto
functioning(920), etc. The disease's symptoms worsen over time.
According to a multicenter study, phosphorylated forms, pS129 is
associated to the severity and
progression of Parkinson diseases(914). NFE2L2 gene, an important
regulator of the cellular protection against oxidative stress, if
defects can contribute to the pathogenesis of the
disease(915)(916). In the pathogenesis of
Parkinson's
disease
(PD), Ginsenoside Rb, effectively
inhibited or reversed the aggregation process may represent a viable
therapeutic strategy against PD and related disorders, through
anti-amyloidogenic and antineurotoxical effects(921). Its water extract
in induced cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, also
exhibited significant protective effects possibly through the
suppression of ROS
generation(922). According to Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, use
of ginseng and other herbs, such as eleutherococcus, Rhodiola rosea,
etc., in a complex therapy for
Parkinson's
disease, may be due to theirs normalized immune, antioxidant, and hormonal parameters(923).
In
Huntington's disease, Ginsenosides, the main chemical constituents of
ginseng, showed to exert its neuroprotective effect against neurons from
glutamate-induced apoptosis in vitro(924).
2.3. In cognitive impairment
Klotho Gene Deficiency has been found to associated to oxidative stress related cognitive impairment(925). In aging mice model,
ginseng
exhibited anti oxidative stress in ameliorated lipid peroxidation and
restores antioxidant capacity(926), and reduced accumulation of
intercellular messenger, nitric oxide (NO)(927) may be a potential
treatment of herbal medicine for cognitive impairment(927). Ginsenoside
Rb1, a major chemical constituent found in ginseng, showed to inhibit
cognitive impairment caused by diabetes, through GSK3β,
a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis)-mediated
endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
stress due to physiological and pathological insults, in high glucose-treated hippocampal neurons(928).
2.4. In neuroprotective effects
In high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat
hippocampal neurons, Ginsenoside Rb1 exerted a wide variety of
neuroprotective effects by inhibiting CHOP signaling pathway
involved in apoptosis signal in ER stress- and CHOP-mediated apoptosis(940),
oxidative stress(926), mitochondrial dysfunction(929)(941) and neuroinflammation(941). According to University Complutense of Madrid,
Ginseng and its major constituents as potential
neuroprotective agents
against progression of Parkinson's disease(943), may be due to its
effectiveness in inhibition of oxidative stress(926) and
neuroinflammation(941), decrease of
toxins-induced apoptosis(944) and regulation of channels and
receptors activity(945)(942).
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume
I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of
Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments in Traditional
Chinese Herbal Medicine by Kyle J. Norton
References
(*)
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/692621/
(842)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313575
(843)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224039
(844)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391905
(868)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888
(869)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635912
(870)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625815
(871)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277659
(872)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979747
(873)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548988
(874)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14737017
(875)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215639
(876)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442300
(877)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24824453
(878)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147499
(879)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277974
(880)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960983
(881)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198636
(882)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12435210
(883)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089329
(884)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25063041
(885)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804838
(886)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21273053
(887)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19632285
(888)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349145
(889)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316034
(890)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23717136
(891)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6834589
(892)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15660764
(893)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782310
(894)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301896
(895)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25032018
(896)
http://www.tcmassistant.com/herbs/ren-shen.html
(897)
http://alternativehealing.org/ren_shen.htm
(898)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18083315
(899)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24854439
(900)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16511867
(901)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503167
(902)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23717087
(903)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789219
(904)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19519302
(905)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8485510
(906)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25632113
(907)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25568286
(908)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543851
(909)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340298
(910)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214447
(911)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975829
(912)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24916704
(913)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584437
(914)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25637461
(915)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25496089
(916)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196834
(917)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467144
(918)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24933489
(919)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627959
(920)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25573070
(921)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449909
(922)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21349320
(923)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21165417
(924)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19185022
(925)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084645
(926)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25550330
(927)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132508
(928)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535619
(929)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223941
(940)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535619
(941)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132508
(942)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349145
(943)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316034
(944)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14637121
(945)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24678300
3. Xi yang shen(946), Yin in nature, the sweet, slightly bitter,
cool herb has been used in TCM to treat fatigue(947)(948),
diabetes(949), cardiovascular diseases(950)(951) and atopic
diseases(952), promote saliva, quench thirst(949)(950), due to yang
deficiency of lungs, by enhancing the lung and spleen
qi, through increasing the digestive system in absorbing vital energy
and reducing the heat causes of qi stagnation through Heart, Lung,
Kidney channels
.
Phytochemicals
1. Resin
2. Pinene
3. α Phellandrene
4. β Phellandrene
5. α-amyrone,
6. α-amyrinone
7. α-amyrin
8. β-amyrin
8. Viridiflorol
9. Insensole
10. Insensole oxide
11. Ginseng Saponins: ginsenoside -R0, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rb3, -Rc, -Rd, -Re,
-Rf, -Rg1, -Rg2, -Rg3, -Rh1, -RA0, quinquenoside R1, gypenoside X1, F3,
F11.
12. Etc.
Herbal xi yang shen used in the treatment and prevention of dementia(953)
in traditional Chinese medicine, may be due to its effectiveness of
phytochemicals in ameliorated amyloid pathology(953) causes of neuro cells apoptosis(954) and related cognitive
deficits(955).
3.1. In Alzheimer's disease
In Alzheimer's disease cell model, induced by Abeta25-35, water extracts of
American Ginseng (WEAG), exerted a neuroprotective effects of SH-SY5,
a human derived cell line against cells apoptosi(954). Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11), a main component
found in American ginseng,
in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice model, induced by scopolamine,
morphine and methamphetamine, significantly mitigated learning and
memory impairment in 15 days, through inhibited the expressions of
β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and
Aβ1-40 in the cortex and hippocampus, restored the activities of
antioxidants in
decreased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), a
indicators of lipid peroxidation (953).
3.2. In Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
In neurodegeneration-like Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease
rat model, induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). preparation of
American ginseng leaves and stems significantly reduced brain
degeneration through its active phytochemicals, ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb3
and Rd(958), according to Baylor College of Medicine and Austin State
University(957). G
inseng saponins, an
active ingredients also found in ginseng species, including American
ginseng also exerted beneficial effects on aging, central nervous system
(CNS) disorders, and neurodegenerative
disease through mediated protective mechanisms, including attenuated free radicals(959)(960).
3.3. In Neuroprotective effects
Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11), a phytochemical of
Panax quinquefolism (
American ginseng) showed to exhibit its
neuroprotective
effect on methamphetamine (MA)-induced behavioral and neurochemical
toxicities in mice(964) and in Parkinson's disease (PD) of rat model,
improved locomotor(962) by evoked neuronal excitability was mediated by
increased release of glutamate(962); motor balance, coordination, and
apomorphine-induced rotation, through inhibiting free radical formation
and stimulating endogenous antioxidant release(961). According to the
State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology,
water extracts of
American Ginseng (WEAG) also exerted its
neuroprotective effect on SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis induced by Abeta25-35, in Alzheimer's Disease cellular model(963).
3.4. In Cognitive impairment
Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, elevated oxidative stress, and apoptosis of
the neurons have shown to induce the progression of Alzheimer's disease
(AD), Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11) found abundantly in American
ginseng, exhibited recognition improvement effect in mouse model,
through its antioxidant status in inhibition ofamyloidogenesis and
oxidative stress and enhancement of neuronal functions(965) as well as
ameliorated cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and biochemical alterations caused by accumulation of intercellular messenger, nitric oxide (NO)(966).
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume
I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of
Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments in Traditional
Chinese Herbal Medicine by Kyle J. Norton
References
(*)
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/692621/
(842)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313575
(843)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224039
(844)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391905
(946)
http://alternativehealing.org/american_ginseng.htm
(947)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415341
(948)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803872
(949)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891873
(950)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21985167
(951)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998708
(952)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038929
(953)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23541491
(954)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19180962
(955)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213250
(956)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132508
(957)
https://nwpf.org/stay-informed/news/2005/06/ginseng-compounds-may-fight-huntington%E2%80%99s-disease,-parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease/
(958)
http://www.biospace.com/News/ginseng-substances-fight-brain-disease-in-rats/20252020
(959)
Plants and phytochemicals for Huntington's disease
(960) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518078
(961) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386001
(962) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864652
(963) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19180962
(964) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13679222
(965) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23541491
(966) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132508
4. 4. Sang shen also known as Mulberry or Morus Fruit, the
sweet, sour and cold herb has been used in TCM as antioxidant(968)(969),
antiinflammatory(969), anti ageing(991) and neuroprotective(968)(970)
agent and to treat vertigo,
tinnitus, insomnia, atherosclerosis(971)(973), vascular smooth muscle
cells(972), lipid accumulation(974), weak digestion, premature white
hair, thirst(967), diabetes(967), diarrhea, etc., as it nourishes Yin,
and Blood, promotes generation of Body Fluid, moistens the
Intestines, etc. by enhancing the functions of heart, liver and kidney
channels(975).
Phytochemicals
1. Resveratrol
2. Anthocyanosides
3. Carotene
4. Thiamine
5. Ribflavin
6. Vtamin C
7. Vannin
8. Linoleic acid
9. Stearic acid
10. Etc.
Herbal sang shen used in the treatment and prevention of dementia(977)
in traditional Chinese medicine, may be due to its effectiveness of
phytochemicals in exertion of its neuroprotective effects(968)(970)
through anti oxidative stress(968)(969), anti inflammatory(969) and anti
excitotoxic (involved Alzheimer's disease) mechanisms(978) against cell membrane damage and mitochondrial function induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced cell death(977).
1. In aging Alzheimer's disease(ADs)
Decreased the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase caused by
oxidative stress(979), alanine
aminotransferase(980), triglyceride(981) and total cholesterol(982) due
to
ageing have shown to involve in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
In ageing animals, mulberry extracts (ME), rich in phenolics and
anthocyanins, significantly demonstrated less amyloid beta protein and
improved learning and memory ability through its antioxidant enzymes and
reduction of oxidative damage(983).
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) fraction extracted from sang shen effectively
protected primary cortical neurons in 7 days, against glutamate-induced
cell death cause of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease(ADs(978) in
rat model(984).
2. In Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), is one of the most common neurodegenerative
disorders with result of dopaminergic deafferentation of the basal ganglia)(985) and involvement of
oxidative stress(986)(987).
According to Kyung Hee University, 70 % ethanol extract of mulberry fruit
(ME), in dose-dependent manner, in vitro and in vivo PD models showed
to prevent 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced
dopaminergic neuronal damage(999), through its antioxidant and
anti-apoptotic effects, regulating reactive oxygen species and NO generation(988).
3. Neuroprotective effects
Cyanidin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (C3G) found abundantly in the
mulberry fruits exerted significantly its cytoprotective effect on PC12
cells(derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla)
under oxidative stress induced neuro-degenerative diseases(983)(989).
In neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
diseases, caused by cerebral ischemia, mulberry leaves (ML) exhibited neuroprotective
actions in reduced the cytotoxicity in the PC12 cells against oxygen
glucose deprivation with enhanced accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)(990).
4. In memory improvement
In mice model, mulberry fruits extract, significantly increased pre- and post-synapse formation(992), acetylcholine synthesisation(993), neuronal cell differentiation(994), neurite outgrowth(995) and
neuronal cell proliferation(996) in the hippocampus, against loss of
memory through its antioxidant in protecting or enhancing neuronal
functions mediated by neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor
(NGF)(991). According to National Chung Hsing University, in memory deterioration in ageing animals, phenolics and anthocyanins, from mulberry fruits, inhibited amyloid beta protein(998) and improved learning and memory ability through induced higher antioxidant enzyme activity and less lipid oxidation in both the brain and liver(997).
References
(*) http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/692621/
(842) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313575
(843) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224039
(844) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391905
(967) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936259
(968) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25580148
(969) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957352
(970) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424869
(971) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833292
(972) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614977
(973) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21619919
(974) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24143244
(975) http://alternativehealing.org/sang_shen.htm
(976) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952555
(977) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359473
(978) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23481689
(979) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18416873
(980) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/13595646_Increased_aspartate_aminotransferase_activity_in_cerebrospinal_fluid_and_Alzheimer%27s
_disease
(981) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076901
(982) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742802
(983) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Morus+Fruit+aging+dementia
(984) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359473
(985) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181806/
(986) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24252804
(987) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666096
(988) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187987
(989) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181734
(990) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16462030
(991) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182412
(992) http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CFIQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0896627304001825&ei=_zLWVK3lKM6GyASJuoGoDQ&usg=AFQjCNEyc3lFHKLgR23BgeVDvLJlA88EPw&sig2=X0709mxdzLje7Wm8hEa0Cg&bvm=bv.85464276,d.aWw
(993) http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ucla.edu%2Freleases%2Flost-memories-might-be-able-to-be-restored-new-ucla-study-indicates&ei=UTPWVL2RB4r5yATevoCYDg&usg=AFQjCNGgIpa9vkpNArifuMS8d5CLtiNfaA&sig2=Afv4YqTenwLVNXkc0Cr6Cw&bvm=bv.85464276,d.aWw
(994) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17978032
(995) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15010693
(996) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403568
(997) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443193
(998) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23451158
(999) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403568
