Monday 2 December 2013

Upper head hemorrhaging: Intracranial hemorrhage - The Symptoms and Risk Factors

Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood vessels or through the skin.
Intracranial hemorrhage
 Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of  bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,

2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Symptoms
1.  Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(13).

2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(14).

3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(15).

3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.

Risk factors 
1. According to the study of Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic stroke after fibrinolytic therapy (from the GUSTO-i trial), showed that Of 592 patients in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and tPA for Occluded Arteries-I trial who had a stroke during initial hospitalization, the risk for intracranial hemorrhage was significantly greater in those with recent facial or head trauma (odds ratio 13.0, 95% confidence interval 3.4 to 85.5); dementia was additionally associated with an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 10.2). Because facial or head trauma may greatly influence treatment decisions, this risk factor should be incorporated into models designed to estimate the risks and benefits of fibrinolytic therapy(12).

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Sources
(12) http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149%2803%2901581-9/abstract
(13) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(14) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617

 

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