Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
is a monoamine neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan, primarily
found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and in the central
nervous system (CNS). In Gut, serotonin regulates intestinal movements,
in CNS, it regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, etc.
41. Serotonin and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea
In a biopsy specimens evaluation to assess the inflammation, enterochromaffin cell
numbers, 5-HT content, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the synthetic
enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase 1, and the serotonin transporter (SERT) by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, indicated that the role of 5-HT signaling in IBS in children and argue against such a role in FD(41).
42. 5-HT(1A) receptors and lower urinary tract function and 'fight-or-flight' conditions
In the study to examine the role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in control of lower urinary tract
function in cats, using
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) as agonists and WAY100635
and LY206130 as antagonists, found that 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation is inhibitory to bladder function in cats,
especially under conditions where the bladder is hyperactive due to
irritation. Furthermore, these bladder-inhibitory effects are the exact
opposite of the bladder-excitatory effects of 8-OH-DPAT reported in
rats. 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation increases EUS motoneuron activity
when driven by nociceptive bladder afferent inputs but not when driven
by non-nociceptive afferent inputs. In summary, 5-HT(1A) receptor
agonists facilitate a nociceptor-driven spinal reflex (sphincter
activity) but inhibit a nociceptor-driven supraspinal reflex
(micturition). This pattern of activity would facilitate urine storage
and may be important under 'fight-or-flight' conditions when serotonergic activity is high(42).
43. Neuronal serotonin regulates growth of the intestinal mucosa
5-HT promotes growth
and turnover of the intestinal mucosal epithelium. Surprisingly, these
processes appear to be mediated by neuronal, rather than mucosal, 5-HT.
The 5-HT(2A) receptor activates cholinergic neurons, which provide a
muscarinic innervation to epithelial effectors, according to teh study
by College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University(43)
44. Serotonin and reproduction
Serotonin, a
biogenic amine, is present in significant amounts in many structures of
the CNS. It is involved in regulation of a wide variety of physiological
functions, such as sensory and motor functions, memory, mood, and
secretion of hormones including reproductive hormones. In the study of
oral administration to female CD rats (20/group) at doses of 0, 3, 10,
or 30 mg/kg to evaluate effects on mating, fertility, litter size, live
birth index (100 x total liveborn progeny/litter size), progeny
survival, and weight gain of each litter, found that on postpartum day
8, progeny in the control, 30 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg
recovery groups were removed from dams for 4 h. Progeny were weighed as
litters, returned to the dams for a 1-h nursing period, and then weighed
again to provide an indication of milk intake. Mating and fertility,
using the present study design, were not affected by treatment with
amesergide. No effects were observed on litter size, live birth index,
or progeny survival. In contrast, treatment with amesergide throughout
gestation and lactation produced a significant dose-related depression
in progeny body weight gains(44).
45. Serotonin and aging
In the study to assess Serotonin (5-HT) neuron and neurotransmitter loss in normal aging
and neuropsychiatric diseases of late life and its contribution to
behavioral changes commonly observed in the elderly population, found
that there is also increasing evidence that a combination of
disturbances in
cholinergic and serotonergic function may play a role in cognitive
impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with serotonergic dysfunction
potentially responsible for a significant portion of the behavioral
aspects of the disease. This implication of the 5-HT system in aging
and age-related cognitive and mood disorders rests in large part on
post mortem studies and animal models, which are limited in their
capacity to predict dynamic human biochemical-behavior relationships or
to accurately model the living human brain. Initial applications of
functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) in the
in vivo study of the brain in aging
depression, and dementia focused on characterizing alterations in
physiological measurements of cerebral metabolism and perfusion.
However, recent advances in PET radiochemistry, instrumentation, and
image processing have paved the way for noninvasive means to test
specific hypotheses regarding the direct involvement of 5-HT neurons in
the behavioral features of aging and to define and monitor therapeutic regimens for neuropsychiatric conditions of late life(45).
46. The role of serotonin in the regulation of bone metabolism
In the brain, brain derived serotonin regulates bone
mass through sympathetic nervous system. In addition, inhibition of GDS
biosynthesis can treat osteoporosis in ovariectomized rodents by
increasing bone
formation. The emerging evidence has suggested that inhibiting GDS
biosynthesis could become a new anabolic treatment for osteoporosis in
humans, according to thye study by Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University(46).
47. N-acetyl serotonin and neuroprotectants for retinas
N-acetylserotonin (NAS) is synthesized from serotonin
by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), which is predominantly
expressed in the pineal gland and retina. Researchers at the Emory
University School of Medicine, found that he compound
N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxamide
(HIOC) selectively activates TrkB receptor with greater potency than
NAS. It potently protects retinas from light-induced retinal
degeneration (LIRD), which is tightly coupled with pronounced TrkB
activation in retinas. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that this
compound is stable in serum and liver microsomes. It can pass the
blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier. Hence, HIOC is a good
lead compound for further drug development for treating retinal
degenerative diseases(47).
48. Serotonin and inflammatory pain
In the study to investigate the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique
used to examine the changes of the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine
(5-HT) receptors in the rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following
subcutaneous bee venom (BV) injection into the plantar surface of the
unilateral hindpaw, showed that the different sets of 5-HT receptor subtypes work at different stages of the inflammatory pain induced by subcutaneous BV injection(48).
49. Serotonin and life span
In the study to develop a new quantitative method to analyze Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral states, found that the proportion of time spent in each state is modulated by past
nutritional experiences of the animal. This two-state behavior is
regulated through serotonin as well as insulin and TGF-beta signaling
pathways. Biogenic amines signaling could allow the worm to adapt to fast changes
in the environment when peptide transcriptional pathways may mediate
slower adaptive changes(49).
50. Fetal serotonin signaling: setting pathways for early childhood development and behavior
Finely tuning levels of the key neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) during early life is essential for brain development and setting pathways for health and disorder across the early life span. Understanding the impact of early changes in serotonergic programming
offers critical insights that might explain patterns of individual
differences in developmental risk and resilience, according to the study by Child and Family Research Institute(50).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Hormones http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/hormones.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303355
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12137933
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609381
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8118111
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571651
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123937
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331903
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15664120
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762077/
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22794534
No comments:
Post a Comment