Monday 2 December 2013

Hemorrhaging: Postpartum hemorrhage - The Treatments

Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood vessels or through the skin.
Postpartum hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a loss of blood greater than 500 ml, following vaginal delivery, or 1000 ml,  following cesarean section.The mortility rate is of 1000 women per 100,000 live births as a result of Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). In the evaluation of all  randomly assigned participants,active bleeding was controlled within 20 min with study treatment alone for 440 (90%) women given misoprostol and 468 (96%) given oxytocin (relative risk [RR] 0·94, 95% CI 0·91—0·98; crude difference 5·3%, 95% CI 2·6—8·6). Additional blood loss of 300 mL or greater after treatment occurred for 147 (30%) of women receiving misoprostol and 83 (17%) receiving oxytocin (RR 1·78, 95% CI 1·40—2·26). Shivering (229 [47%] vs 82 [17%]; RR 2·80, 95% CI 2·25—3·49) and fever (217 [44%] vs 27 [6%]; 8·07, 5·52—11·8) were significantly more common with misoprostol than with oxytocin. No women had hysterectomies or died(1).
Treatments
According to the researchers at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Orbis Medical Centre, in the current treatment of severe PPH, first-line therapy includes transfusion of packed cells and fresh-frozen plasma in addition to uterotonic medical management and surgical interventions. In persistent PPH, tranexamic acid, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors are often administered. Secondary coagulopathy due to PPH or its treatment is often underestimated and therefore remains untreated, potentially causing progression to even more severe PPH. In most cases, medical and transfusion therapy is not based on the actual coagulation state because conventional laboratory test results are usually not available for 45 to 60 minutes. Thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry are point-of-care coagulation tests. A good correlation has been shown between thromboelastometric and conventional coagulation tests, and the use of these in massive bleeding in nonobstetric patients is widely practiced and it has been proven to be cost-effective. Fibrinogen seems to play a major role in the course of PPH and can be an early predictor of the severity of PPH. The FIBTEM values (in thromboelastometry, reagent specific for the fibrin polymerization process) decline even more rapidly than fibrinogen levels and can be useful for early guidance of interventions(12).

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Sources
(1) http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2961924-3/abstract
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430921   


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