Melatonin, also known as
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in
the brain with functions of regulating sleep cycles, other hormones,
timing in secretion of female hormones that affect the menstrual cycle,
etc. The levels of the circulating hormone vary in a daily cycle, depending to the circadian rhythm is an internal 24-hour “clock”.
21. Melatonin and Drug-mediated ototoxicity and tinnitus
In the study to evaluate the published basic science and clinical reports related to the role of melatonin in reducing the side effects of aminoglycosides and the cancer chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, in the cochlea and vestibule of the inner ear, suggested that the potential use of melatonin to combat the ototoxicity of aminoglycosides and cancer
chemotherapeutic agents. Additional studies at both the experimental
and clinical levels should be performed to further document the actions
of melatonin at
the cochlear and vestibular levels to further clarify the protective
mechanisms of action of this ubiquitously-acting molecule. Melatonin's low cost and minimal toxicity profile supports its use to protect the inner ear from drug-mediated damage(21).
22. Melatonin in experimental seizures and epilepsy
Although melatonin
is approved only for the treatment of jet-lag syndrome and some types
of insomnia, clinical data also suggest that it is effective in the
adjunctive therapy of osteoporosis, cataract, sepsis, neurodegenerative
diseases, hypertension, and even cancer. In humans, melatonin
may attenuate seizures, and it is most effective in the treatment of
juvenile intractable epilepsy. Its additional benefits include improved
physical, emotional, cognitive, and social functions. On the other hand,
melatonin has
been shown to induce electroencephalographic abnormalities in patients
with temporal lobe epilepsy and increase seizure activity in
neurologically disabled children. The hormone showed very low toxicity
in clinical practice, according to the study by Department of
Pathophysiology, Medical University, PL 20-090 Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8,
Poland(22).
23. Melatonin and Treatment of Insomnia in elder
In 3-week and 6-month, randomized, double-blind clinical trials in patients with primary insomnia aged ≥55 years, melatonin PR 2 mg 1-2 h before bedtime was associated with significant improvements relative to placebo in many sleep and daytime parameters, including sleep quality and latency, morning alertness and health-related quality of life. Melatonin PR
2 mg was very well tolerated in clinical trials in older patients, with a
tolerability profile that was similar to that of placebo. Short- or
longer-term treatment with melatonin PR 2 mg was not associated with dependence, tolerance, rebound insomnia or withdrawal symptoms(23).
24. Melatonin treatment in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia
In the study to assess long-term melatonin treatment course, effectiveness and safety in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic sleep onset insomnia (CSOI), researchers at the Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands, found that long-term melatonin treatment was judged to be effective against sleep
onset problems in 88% of the cases. Improvement of behaviour and mood
was reported in 71% and 61% respectively. We conclude that melatonin remains an effective therapy on the long term for the treatment of CSOI in children with ADHD and has no safety concerns regarding serious adverse events or treatment related co-morbidity. Discontinuation of melatonin treatment usually leads to a relapse of sleep onset insomnia and in resuming melatonin treatment, even after several years of treatment(24).
25. Melatonin treatment in the circadian sleep disorders: delayed sleep
phase syndrome (DSPS) and non-24-hour sleep wake disorder
In the study to evaluate the effect of Melatonin treatment
in the circadian sleep disorders: delayed sleep
phase syndrome (DSPS) and non-24-hour sleep wake disorder, researchers
at the School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford,
U.K, showed that compared
with placebo, melatonin advanced the sleep period in subjects with DSPS. Melatonin also improved a number of sleep parameters in blind subjects suffering from non-24-hour sleep wake disorder(25).
26. Melatonin and sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
In a 12 week double masked randomised placebo controlled phase III trial to test for the efficacy of melatonin
in treating sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental
disorders, found that children gained little additional sleep on melatonin;
though they fell asleep significantly faster, waking times became
earlier. Child behaviour and family functioning outcomes did not
significantly improve. Melatonin was tolerable over this three month period. Comparisons with slow release melatonin preparations or melatonin analogues are required(26)
27. Effects of melatonin on ovarian follicles
In the study to evaluate the histomorphometry and expression of Ki-67 and c-kit in ovarian follicles of pinealectomized or melatonin-treated pinealectomized rats, researchers at the São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), showed that melatonin
exerts a role on the maintenance of a proper follicular function, and is
thus important for ovulation and progesterone production(27).
28. Melatonin on angiogenesis and wound healing
In the study to investigate the effects of melatonin hormone on angiogenesis in wound healing on 100 Wistar-Albino rats, with melatonin
dissolved in 0.9% NaCl administered to the study group in a dose of
0.4 mg/kg/rat per day (0.25 cc/rat per day), and 0.9% NaCl to the
control group in a dose of 0.25 cc/rat per day. Incisions 5 cm in length
were made on the back skin of the rats and the wounds were closed with a
skin stapler found that melatonin may have a positive effect on both angiogenesis and wound healing(28).
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Sources
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673362
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441606
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23044640
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486273
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10721041
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129488
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102587
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14669079
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