Catecholamines, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, produced by
the adrenal glands, which are found on top of the kidneys. are
epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine.
The hormone are released into the blood during times of physical or
emotional stress.
Dopamine
17. Dopamine and learning
Individuals
make choices and prioritize goals using complex processes that assign
value to rewards and associated stimuli. According to the University of
Michigan in rat study, dopamine acts selectively in a form of stimulus-reward learning in which incentive salience is assigned to reward cues. In individuals with a propensity for this form of learning,
reward cues come to powerfully motivate and control behaviour. This
work provides insight into the neurobiology of a form of stimulus-reward
learning that confers increased susceptibility to disorders of impulse control(17).
18. Dopamine on cellular and humoral immune responses
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that apart from its hemodynamic action dopamine
can modulate immune responses. According to the study by Institut für
Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum, dopamine reduces the synthesis of proinflammatory and induces the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators. Dopamine
inhibits neurohormone synthesis, lymphocyte proliferation and platelet
aggregation. It reduces the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and
induces apoptosis. Particularly with regard to sepsis, where high serum dopamine
levels are reached by enhanced endogenous production, exogenous
application and impaired clearance, this immunomodulation may have a
clinical impact(18).
19. Dopamine and Salience
What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine
systems play in reward? Do they mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding
stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning and associative
prediction? According to the study by University of Michigan, instead
that dopamine may be more important to incentive salience attributions to the neural representations of reward-related stimuli. Incentive salience, we suggest, is a distinct component of motivation and reward. In other words, dopamine systems are necessary for 'wanting' incentives, but not for 'liking' them or for learning new 'likes' and 'dislikes'(19).
20. Dopamine and human idea generation and creative drive
According to the study
of FRONTOTEMPORAL AND DOPAMINERGIC CONTROL OF IDEA GENERATION AND
CREATIVE DRIVE by Alice W. Flaherty , mesolimbic dopamine influences
novelty seeking and creative drive. Dopamine agonists and antagonists
have opposite effects on goal-directed behavior and hallucinations.
Creative drive is not identical to skill—the latter depends more on
neocortical association areas. However, drive correlates better with
successful creative output than skill does(20).
21. Dopamine and natriuresis (sodium loss) in the kidneys
Diuretic and natriuretic effects of renal dopamine
(DA) are well established. In the study of male Wistar rats to
determine the pattern of UDAV during volume expansion and to
characterize the involvement of monoamine-oxidase (MAO) and aromatic
amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC) , found that in C rats UDAV (ng/30
min/100g BWt) increased in the first 30 min expansion from 11.5 +/- 1.20
to 21.8 +/- 3.10 (p < 0.05) and decreased thereafter. IMAO showed a
similar pattern but significantly higher than C at 30 min expansion
(32.5 +/- 2.20, p < 0.05). IMAO greatly reduced MAO activity from
8.29 +/- 0.35 to 1.1 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg tissue/hour and significantly
increased diuresis and natriuresis over
controls. BNZ abolished the early UDAV peak to 3.2+/-0.72 (p < 0.01)
and though, UDAV increased over C after 60 min expansion, natriuresis
and diuresis were diminished by BNZ treatment. Results indicate that an
increment in renal DA release into urine occurs early in expansion and
in a peak-shaped way.(21).
22. Dopamine and obesity
According to the study
by Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of
Pennsylvania, chronic intake of high-fat (HF) diet is known to alter
brain neurotransmitter systems that participate in the central
regulation of food intake. Dopamine (DA)
system changes in response to HF diet have been observed in the
hypothalamus, important in the homeostatic control of food intake, as
well as within the central reward circuitry [ventral tegmental area
(VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and pre-frontal cortex (PFC)], critical
for coding the rewarding properties of palatable food and important in
hedonically driven feeding behavior(22).
23. Dopamine and noradrenaline on cardiovascular function
In the study to assess the short-term haemodynamic effects of terminating dopamine
and/or a combination of noradrenaline and nitroglycerin infusions in 21
patients in acute respiratory failure, found that off treatment, stroke
index and cardiac index decreased significantly from 40.2 to 36.9 ml
m-2 (P < 0.02) and from 3.80 to 3.42 litres m-2 (P < 0.02),
respectively. Cardiac filling pressures decreased significantly and
systemic vascular resistance increased, when infusions were stopped. As
to heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure,
right and left ventricular ejection fraction there were no significant
changes between the data obtained during and off treatment. Although the
haemodynamic status was significantly better during treatment with dopamine
and/or noradrenaline-nitroglycerin in some respects, the overall
beneficial effects of inotropic support were much less than
anticipated(23).
24. Dopamine and Immunoregulatory
The neurotransmitter dopamine
(DA) is an important molecule bridging the nervous and immune systems.
According to the study by the Ohio State University, Columbus, DA
through autocrine/paracrine manner modulates the functions of immune
effector cells by acting through its receptors present in these cells.
DA also has unique and opposite effects on T cell functions. Although DA
activates naïve or resting T cells, but it inhibits activated T cells.
In addition, changes in the expression of DA receptors and their
signaling pathways especially in T cells are associated with altered
immune functions in disorders like schizophrenia and Parkinson's
disease. These results suggest an immunoregulatory role of DA(24).
25. Dopamine toxicity
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Dopamine
neurotoxicity, mediated through oxidative stress, is implicated in
disease pathogenesis. According to the study of using 6-hydroxydopamine
hemiparkinsonian mouse model and transgenic DJ-1 knockout mice by the
Felsenstein Medical Research Centre, Tel Aviv University, our
experimental data point to a novel potential protective function of
DJ-1, which could be used as a therapeutic tool(25).
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Sources
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150898
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15997388
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9858756
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571074/
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228026
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22220805
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174529
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896530
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22887838
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