Retinol Health Benefits
Retinol, one of the animal forms of vitamin A, is a yellow,
fat-soluble substance, a diterpenoid and an alcohol converted to vitamin
A and and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol stored mostly in
liver, when eating animal food sources, such as liver and egg yolk.
When converted to retinoic acid, vitamin A is essential for skin health,
teeth remineralization, bone growth.and the process of cell
differentiation, hence, the growth and development of embryos Retinoic
acid via the retinoic acid receptor.
1. Early Organogenesis
Retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A, is an essential component of
cell-cell signaling during vertebrate organogenesis. In early
development retinoic acid functions as a trunk organizer by providing an
instructive signal for posterior neuroectoderm and foregut endoderm and
a permissive signal for trunk mesoderm differentiation. At later
stages, retinoic acid contributes to the development of the eye and
other organs. Recent efforts suggest that retinoic acid acts primarily
in a paracrine manner and provide insight into the cell-cell signaling
networks that control differentiation of pluripotent cells.(25)
2. Endodermal organ
Endoderm organ primordia become specified between gastrulation and gut
tube folding in Amniotes, the others two layers are the ectoderm
(outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer), with the endoderm as the
intermost layer. The team at Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer
Researchshowed that retinoic acid (RA) signaling coordinates the
position of different endoderm organs along the antero-posterior axis in
chick embryos and could serve as a basis for the differentiation of
specific endodermal organs from ES cells.(26)
3. Anti cancers
In a a study to assess the feasibility and impact of two dietary
interventions for ovarian cancer survivors, conducted by University of
Houston and University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, supports the
feasibility of designing dietary interventions for stages II-IV ovarian
cancer survivors and provides preliminary evidence that a low fat high
fiber diet and a diet supplemented with encapsulated FVJC may increase
phytonutrients in ovarian cancer survivors, after 6 months, total serum
carotenoid levels and α- and β-carotene concentrations were
significantly increased in both groups (P<0.01); however, β-carotene
concentrations were increased more in the FVJC group. Serum
β-cryptoxanthin levels, fiber intake (+5.2g/day), and daily servings of
juice (+0.9 servings/day) and vegetables (+1.3 servings/day) were all
significantly increased in the LFHF group (all P<0.05). Serum levels
of albumin, lutein and zeaxanthin, retinol, and retinyl palmitate
were significantly increased in the FVJC group (all P<0.05). No
changes in cancer antigen-125, anthropometry, or HRQOL were
observed.(27)
4. The Hox genes
The study by National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London,
indicated that retinoids can affect the expression of Hox genes in cell
linesand embryonic tissues; the hindbrain and branchialregion of the
head are particularly sensitive to theteratogemc effects of retinoic
acid. The presence ofendogenous retinoic acid, together with the
distributionof retinoid binding proteins and nuclear receptorsin the
developing embryo, strongly suggest thatretinoic acid is a natural
morphogen in vertebrate development(28)
5. Prostate cancer
In the study to investigae the retinoids, the natural or synthetic
derivatives of Vitamin A (retinol), are essential for the normal
development of prostate and have been shown to modulate prostate cancer
progression in vivo as well as to modulate growth of several prostate
cancer cell lines. 9-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid are
the two most important metabolites of retinol, showed that showed that
9-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans retinoic acid enhanced the assembly of
connexin32 into gap junctions. Our results further showed that
9-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid prevented
androgen-regulated degradation of gap junctions, post-translationally,
independent of androgen(29)
6. Etc.
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Sources
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632951/?tool=pmcentrez
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516907
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119991
(28) http://www.fasebj.org/content/10/9/969.full.pdf
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22514600
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