Cervical Stenosis is defined as a degeneration of
the structures of the spine as a result of aging causes of a slowly
progressive condition of the cervical spinal cord. Spinal stenosis cause
pressure on the spinal cord, which may lead to the symptoms of
myelopathy. Cervical spinal stenosis with myelopathy is a common disease
in elderly patients of male gender(2)
D. Preventions
D.3. Antioxidants to prevent Cervical Stenosis(13)
Antioxidants are proven to be effective to enhance the immune system in
fighting against the forming of free radicals causes of irregular cell
growth and the progression of early aging.
1. Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a prosthetic group which helps to break down molecules into
smaller units in releasing energy, excreted in bile and urine. It is a
cellular antioxidant, by reverting to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic
bile pigment, once again when oxidized that inhibits the effects of
mutagens.
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids are organic pigments, occurring in the chloroplasts and
chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like
algae, some bacteria.
a. Beta-carotene
Beta-Carotene, an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid, a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment in plants and fruits.
a.1. It is not toxic and stored in liver for the production of vitamin A
that inhibits cancer cell in experiment. Beta-carotene also neutralize
singlet oxygen before giving rise of free radicals which can damage of
DNA, leading to improper cell DNA replication, causing cancers.
a.2. Cell communication
Researcher found that beta-carotene enhances the communication between
cell can reduce the risk of cancer by making cells division more
reliable.
a.3. Immune system
Beta-carotene promotes the immune system in identifying the foreign
invasion such as virus and bacteria by increasing the quality of MHC2
protein in maintaining optimal function of white cells.
a.4. Polyunsaturated fat
Researchers found that beta-carotene also inhibits the oxidation of
polyunsaturated fat and lipoprotein in the blood that reduce the risk of
plaques build up onto the arterial walls, causing heart diseases and
stroke.
a.5. There are more benefits of beta-carotene.
b. Alpha-carotene
Alpha-carotene, one of the most abundant carotenoids in the North
American diet, is a form of carotene with a β-ring at one end and an
ε-ring at the other. It is the second most common form of carotene which
not only protects cells from the damaging effects of free radicals and
enhances the immune system in fighting against bacteria and virus
invasion, but also stimulates the communication between cells thus
preventing irregular cell growth cause of cancers.
c. Beta-cryptoxanthin
Beta cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant, beside helping to prevent free
radical damage to cells and DNA but also stimulates the repair of
oxidative damage to DNA. it enhances the immune function infighting
against inflammatory cause of polyarthritis, and irregular cell growth
cause of cancer due to oxidation.
d. Lutein
Lutein is one of the most popular North American carotenoids. It is
found in greens like kale and spinach as well as the yolk of eggs.
Lutein is also found in the human eye. Getting enough lutein in your
diet may help to fight off age related macular degeneration, an eye
condition.
Researcher has shown that people who do not have enough lutein in their
diet will not have enough lutein present in the muscular part of the
eye. This is what likely leads to age related macular degeneration that
can result in blindness.
e. Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin, a most common carotenoid alcohols found in
nature, is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained
within the retina of the eye. Intake of foods providing zeaxanthin with
lower incidence of age-related macular degeneration as a result of its
function of reducing the risk oxidative stress.
f. Lycopene
Lycopene is a red carotene of the carotenoid group that can be found in
tomatoes, watermelons, and grapefruits. This powerful antioxidant is
believed to be a powerful fighter of prostate cancer. Lycopene has many
anti-aging capabilities as well as one of the most powerful antioxidants
in the carotenoid group.
3. Flavonoids
Flavonoids also known as Vitamin P and citrin are a yellow pigments
having a structure similar to that of flavones occurred in varies
plants. it has been in human history for over thousands of years and
discovered by A. S. Szent-Gyorgi in 1930. As he used vitamin C and
flavonoids to heal the breakage of capillaries, which caused swelling
and obstruction of blood flow. Most plants have more than one group or
type act as predominate.
Flavonoids process a property as antioxidants. it helps to neutralize
many of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen,
hydroxyl and superoxide radicals.
Although nitric oxide is considered a free radical produced by immune
system to destroy bacteria and cancerous cells, but when it is over
produced, it causes the production peroxynitrite which may attack
protein, lipid and DNA, Flavonoids inhibit NO production of
peroxynitrite due to reduction of enzyme expression.
a. Quercetin
Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid found in fruits,
vegetables, leaves and grains and studies show that quercetin may have
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as a antioxidant, quercetin
scavenges free radicals, which damage cell membranes, cause mutation of
cells with tampering DNA.
b. Rutin
Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in buckwheat and glycoside
of the flavonoid quercetin. It inhibits platelet aggregation, decreases
the capillary permeability, makes blood thinner and improves
circulation. As an antioxidant, it can reduce the cytotoxicity of
oxidized LDL cholesterol caused by free radical that lowers the risk of
heart diseases.
c. Catechin
Catechin is a natural phenol antioxidant plant and natural
anti-bacterial substance. Study showed catechin as good free radical
scavenging power inhibits ROS production, thus it can be useful to the
development of alimentary strategies to prevent OTA-induced cytotoxicity
in human.
d. Etc.
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References
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864688
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426774
(13) http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/2012/01/antioxidants-and-common-free-radical.html
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